352 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements ExamplesofCompounds
352 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements ExamplesofCompounds
None have been reported. Hazards None, beyond minor risks from radiation because only a few atoms of darmstadtium are
produced at a time, and all of its isotopes exist for only a small fraction of second. RÖENTGENIUM(UNUNUNIUM) SYMBOL:RgandUuu PERIOD:7 SERIESNAME:Transactinide ATOMICNO:111
ATOMICMASS:˜280amu VALENCE:Unknown OXIDATIONSTATE:Unknown ORIGINOFNAME:NamedinhonorofthescientistWilhelmKonradRöentgen. ISOTOPES:TherearethreeisotopesofUuu(Röentgenium).TheyareRg-272(half-lifeof
1.5milliseconds),Rg-279(half-lifeof170milliseconds),andRg280(half-lifeof3.2 seconds),thelatterofwhichisröentgenium’smoststableisotope.Allofitsisotopesare syntheticandunstable.
ELECTRONCONFIGURATION EnergyLevels/Shells/Electrons Orbitals/Electrons
s2,p6
3-M=18
s2,p6,d10
4-N=32
s2,p6,d10,f14
5-O=32
s2,p6,d10,f14
6-P=17
s2,p6,d9
7-Q=2
s2
PropertiesandCharacteristics Not much is known about element 111, but it is assumed that it is a solid metal that has
some of the properties of its homologues, gold and silver, located just above it in group 1 (IB) in the periodic table. The reaction that produces unununium is as follows:
Bi-209 + Ni-64 + neutrons = Uuu-272 + alpha decay particles. Only a few atoms of Rg-272 have been produced. Its most stable isotope is Rg-280, with a half-life of 3.6 seconds.
History Shortly after element 110 was discovered in 1994, the team led by Peter Armbruster and
Sigurd Hofmann at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Germany, discovered element 111 using their SHIP detection apparatus. One might speculate that the ancient alchemists would be impressed by the production of element 111 by the transmutation of two
353 different elements. Very high-energy nickel ions were used to bombard bismuth atoms. This
Guide to the Elements |
caused the nuclei of the two atoms to fuse together by the process off “cold fusion,” producing unununium. Gold, located in period 6, group 11, just above unununium, is its homologue (element with some similar characteristics). The alchemist’s ancient dream would be to pro- duce gold by a similar process. Unfortunately, only three atoms of 111 Rg were produced after an 18-day experiment, and their half-lives was extremely short.
CommonUses None, except for research purposes.
ExamplesofCompounds None are known at this time.
Hazards Unununium (röentgenium) is not a public radiation hazard given that only a few atoms
have been produced synthetically in nuclear laboratories and they do not exist over long peri- ods of time.
UNUNBIUM( 112 UUB-285) SYMBOL:Uub PERIOD:7 SERIESNAME:Transactinide ATOMICNO:112
ATOMICMASS:˜285amu VALENCE:Unknown OXIDATIONSTATE:Unknown NATU- RALSTATE:Assumedtobeliquidmetal ORIGINOFNAME:IUPACtransitionname,“ununbium”(whichliterallymeans112),is usedtonamenewelementsuntilIUPAC’snamingcommitteedecidesuponaperma- nentname.
ISOTOPES:TherearefourisotopesofununbiumrangingfromUub-277toUub-285.They havehalf-livesrangingfrom0.24millisecondsto10minutesforUub-285.Allareartifi- ciallyproduced,areradioactive,andareunstable.
ELECTRONCONFIGURATION EnergyLevels/Shells/Electrons Orbitals/Electrons
s2,p6
3-M=18
s2,p6,d10
4-N=32
s2,p6,d10,f14
5-O=32
s2,p6,d10,f14
6-P=18
s2,p6,d10
7-Q=2
s2
Parts
» The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide, Second Edition
» Some Theoretical Atomic Models
» Fullerenes and Nanotechnology
» 48 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» POTASSIUM SYMBOL:K PERIOD:3 GROUP:1(IA) ATOMICNO:19
» 58 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Characteristics
» 60 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 68 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements History
» 74 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Characteristics
» 82 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 92 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements CommonUses
» 94 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» 96 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 98 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 112 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Characteristics
» 120 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 128 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 138 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 142 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements CommonUses
» 144 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 156 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 158 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 162 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 168 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Hazards
» 176 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 182 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 184 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Hazards
» CARBON SYMBOL:C PERIOD:2 GROUP:14(IVA) ATOMICNO:6
» 200 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements ExamplesofCompounds
» NITROGEN SYMBOL:N PERIOD:2 GROUP:15(VA) ATOMICNO:7
» PHOSPHORUS SYMBOL:P PERIOD:3 GROUP:15(VA) ATOMICNO:15
» 218 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 220 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements ExamplesofCompounds
» OXYGEN SYMBOL:O PERIOD:2 GROUP:16(VIA) ATOMICNO:8
» 226 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» SULFUR SYMBOL:S PERIOD:3 GROUP:16(VIA) ATOMICNO:16
» 236 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements CommonUses
» 242 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» FLUORINE SYMBOL:F PERIOD:2 GROUP:17(VIIA) ATOMICNO:9
» IODINE SYMBOL:I PERIOD:5 GROUP:17 ATOMICNO:53
» 256 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements CommonUses
» 258 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 262 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements
» 266 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 268 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» 278 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 284 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 298 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 300 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» 308 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Characteristics
» 310 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» 316 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Hazards
» 320 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements History
» 322 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements AbundanceandSource
» 332 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Hazards
» 336 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements Properties
» 352 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements ExamplesofCompounds
» 364 | The History and Use of Our Earth’s Chemical Elements History
Show more