16. Substitution linguistic, paralinguistic
To change linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures or vice versa, e.g. to translate the Arab gesture of putting your hand on
your heart as Thank you. It is used above all in interpreting Molina and Albir, 2002:511.
17. Transposition
To change a grammatical category, e.g. He will soon be back translated into Spanish as No tardara en venir, changing the adverb soon for the verb tardar,
instead of keeping the adverb and writing: Estara de vuelta pronto Molina and Albir, 2002:511.
18. Variation
To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect,
geographical dialect, etc. to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for
children, etc Molina and Albir, 2002:511. They proposed eighteen techniques in translation, but only fifteen
techniques used in written translation which are used in this analysis. Those are Adaptation, Amplification, Borrowing, Calque, Compensation, Description,
Discursive creation, Established equivalent, Generalization, Literal translation, Modulation, Particularization, Reduction, Transposition, Variation.
From the technique translation above, it can be seen that some of them are oriented toward the source language culture, some are oriented toward the target
language culture, and some are partially oriented to the source language and target language cultures. Putrawan 2011:26 in his research, based on the technique of
translation by Molina and Albir, grouping technique of translation which is considered source language oriented are: Borrowing, Calque, and Literal
translation. Techniques of translation which are considered target language oriented are: Adaptation, Compensation, Description, Discursive Creation,
Established equivalent, Generalization, Modulation, Particularization, Reduction, transposition, variation. In addition, some techniques also can be considered as
partially oriented toward the source language and target language techniques of translation such as: amplification and combinations of source language oriented
and target language techniques of translation. Those mean that the identification of technique of translation used by the translator can lead a researcher to the
ideology of translation analysis that applied by the translator to his translation. The orientation and tendencies on techniques of translation can lead
translators to translate texts from SL according to his ideology. The theory is supported by Humanika, he said 2008:5 that the selection of a particular
ideology by the translator affects the translation techniques used in translating a text.
2.5 Ideology of Translation
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