THE IDEOLOGY OF TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING CULTURAL TERMS FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S WORK BUMI MANUSIA INTO THIS EARTH OF MANKIND.

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THE IDEOLOGY OF TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING

CULTURAL TERMS FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA

TOER’S WORK

BUMI MANUSIA INTO THIS EARTH OF

MANKIND

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

NURIANTI SITORUS Registration Number: 8136112062

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis was written with the help of many great and extraordinary people, who had contributed their inspiring thought, idea, and huge support through long discussions, wonderful understanding, compassions, love and prayers. First and foremost, the greatest gratitude goes to the writer’s Lord, Savior and forever companion Jesus Christ for His love and grace.

A great gratitude goes to her advisers Dr. Syahron Lubis., MA and Dr. Zainuddin, M. Hum for their incredible guidance, advice, knowledge, time and moreover support and wisdom during the writing of this thesis.

An appreciation is also acknowledged to the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program of UNIMED, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS for the encouragement and valuable advices. Gratitude also goes to the administrative staff of LTBI UNIMED, Farid Ma’ruf, for the administrative assistance in accomplishing this thesis.

Special thanks are dedicated to all examiners for the critics, advice, feedback and constructive comments for the betterment of this thesis. For all lecturers of LTBI UNIMED, who had guided and illuminated the writer during her study at the Postgraduate School with their remarkable knowledge and passion in teaching, a thank you is not good enough. Dear professors, sirs, and madams, thank you for those inspiring and memorable classes we had.

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From the classroom LTBI B1 where they used to pour ideas and insights, to the real world where they apply what they have learnt, these following people have been the writer’s inspiration and role models in the past few years. Thank you Kak Yenny, Sri and Laura for being such a good friend to share all the life stories beyond what we had studied in linguistics. Thank you all the class mates that I found so supportive in encouraging one another, especially to Mila, Mustafa, bang Dedi, Panda, kiky, who inspiring the writer to finish this.

Special gratitude goes to writer best friends Lastri, Dwi Sidabutar, Ika, Jokek, Tioria, for the advices and encourages to finish this thesis. For my travelling and teaching partner in POS Felisia, Dameita, Riama, Vio, Ide, kak Donna, Mr. Maryanto, Vely, Nanda, Fendy during the challenging and of course tiring days of study and the moments of waiting, thank you for becoming some sweet distractions by sharing your fresh thoughts, stories and laughter. May God always lights your path, your future endeavor as you will stay healthy and happy. A sincere gratitude also goes to all family, daddy, abang Arnol, bou and cousins for the thoughtful prayer and the everlasting love. For the remembrance of my late mommy in heaven who inspired me to be a better lady each and every day. Family is one of the most essential motivations to finish this thesis and also for their unconditional love to the writer. Their presence and prayers are the most significant features to her life. To David, a special one who popped up in the very last minutes of this thesis writing, thank you for those meaningful sleepless nights conversation and the offered future to come along, xx.

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Last but not least, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, her Indonesian most favorite novelist, and Max Lane, the translator of Bumi Manusia, may God bless your life, as always, and for writing those brilliant inspiring novel, a joyful appreciation is humbly extended to you.

Medan, July 2015 The writer,

Nurianti Sitorus NIM: 8136112062

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ABSTRACT

Sitorus, Nurianti. The ideology of translation in translating cultural terms found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics

Study Program. State University of Medan 2015

This study deals with the ideology of translation in translating cultural terms in a novel Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. The technique of analysis data used in this thesis is the theory developed by Newmark and Molina - Albir. The finding showed that there are five categories of cultural terms found in this thesis, and it was found that there are eighteen techniques of translation used in translating the cultural terms with the most frequently applied ideology is domestication with (72. 80%). The eighteen techniques used are namely pure borrowing (6.80%),calque (5.60%), as the foreignization ideology while the domestication ideology are adaptation (15.43%), compensation (3.70%), description (3.70%), discursive creation (3.08%), established equivalent (35.19%), generalization (3.70%), modulation (3.08%), reduction (3.70%), particularization (0.61%), and combination of established equivalent and reduction (0.61%), Besides that, there are partial foreignization and partial domestication namely as amplification (3.08%), pure borrowing + modulation (0.61%), combination of pure borrowing + description (2.47%), combination of pure borrowing + reduction(1.24%), combination of pure borrowing + adaptation (4.93%), and pure borrowing + established equivalent (2.47%). From the techniques of the translation used it was found that the translator domesticate the cultural terms in ST into TT.

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v ABSTRAK

Nurianti, Sitorus. The ideology of translation in translating cultural terms found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. Thesis: Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri

Medan 2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan ideologi penerjemahan budaya yang terdapat dalam novel yang berjudul Bumi Manusia ke dalam bahasa sasaran This Earth of Mankind. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah pengembangan teori penerjemahan dari Newmark dan Molina – Allbir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat lima kategori istilah budaya serta delapan belas teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai dalam menerjemahkan istilah budaya dan domestikasi sebagai ideologi yang paling banyak dipakai (72.80%). Delapan belas teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan adalah peminjaman (6.80%) dan kalke (5.60%) sebagai ideologi foreignisasi sedangkan teknik penerjemahan dalam ideologi domestikasi adalah adaptasi (15.43%), kompensasi (3.70%), deskripsi (3.70%), Kreasi diskursif (3.08%), padanan lazim (35.19%), generalisasi (3.70%), modulasi (3.08%), reduksi (3.70%), partilkularisasi (0.61%), serta penggbungan padanan lazim dan reduksi (0.61%). Selain domestikasi dan foreignisasi, terdapat penggabungan antara sebagian foreignisasi dan domestikasi yaitu amplifikasi (3.08%), penggabungan peminjaman dan modulasi (0.61%), penggabungan peminjaman dan deskrispi (2.47%0, penggabungan peminjaman dan reduksi (1.24%0, penggabungan peminjaman dan adaptasi (4.93%) dan penggabungan peminjaman dan padanan lazim (2.47%). Dari keseluruhan teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai diketahui bahwa penerjemah menggunakan ideologi domestikasi dalam menerjemahkan istilah budaya dari Bahasa Sumber ke Bahasa Sasaran.

Kata Kunci: Istilah budaya, teknik penerjemahan, dan ideologi penerjemahan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study 8

1.3 The Objective of the Study 9

1.4 The Scope of the Study 10

1.5 The Significance of the Study 11

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 The Nature of Translation 13

2.1.1. Cultural Terms 14

2.1.2. Ideology in Translation 16

2.1.3. Translation Techniques 19

2.2 Culture in Translation 20

2.2.1. Techniques of Translating Culture 25 2.2.2. Ideologies of Translation:Foreignization and Domestication 31

2.3 Relevant Studies 33

2.4. Conceptual Framework 38

2.5 Definition of Terms used 39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Approach 41

3.2 Research Design 41

3.3 The Source of Data 42

3.4 Technique of Data Collection 42

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis 43

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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data Analysis 49

4.1.1 Categories of Cultural Terms 49

4.1.1.1 Ecology 50

4.1.1.1.1 Terms closely related to fauna 50 4.1.1.1.2 Terms closely related to Flora 51 4.1.1.1.3 Terms closely related to geographical features 52

4.1.1.2 Material Culture 54

4.1.1.2.1 Terms closely related to clothes 54 4.1.1.2.2 Terms closely related to food 56 4.1.1.2.3 Terms closely related to house; household goods

and house surroundings 58

4.1.1.2.4 Terms closely related to transport 61 4.1.1.2.5 Terms closely related to the medium exchange 63

4.1.1.3 Social Culture 64

4.1.1.3.1 Terms closely related to work 64 4.1.1.3.2 Terms closely related to leisure 66 4.1.1.3.3 Terms closely related to personal names

and terms of address 67

4.1.1.3.4 Terms closely related to kinship 69 4.1.1.4 Social Organization – political and administrative 70 4.1.1.4.1. Terms closely related to administration 69 4.1.1.4.2 Terms closely related to religion 71 4.1.1.4.3 Terms closely related to artistic things and craft 73 4.1.1.4.4 Terms closely related to history 75

4.1.1.5. Gestures and Habits 77

4.1.1.5.1 Terms closely related to habits 77 4.1.1.5.2 Terms closely related to special words used

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4.1.2 Techniques of Translation 82 4.1.2.1 SL Oriented Techniques of Translation 82

4.1.2.1.1 Pure Borrowing 82

4.1.2.1.2 Calque 83

4.1.2.2 TL oriented Techniques o Translation 86

4.1.2.2.1 Adaptation 84

4.1.2.2.2 Compensation 86

4.1.2.2.3. Description 86

4.1.2.2.4 Discursive Creation 87

4.1.2.2.5 Established Equivalent 88

4.1.2.2.6 Generalization 90

4.1.2.2.7 Modulation 91

4.1.2.2.8 Reduction 92

4.1.2.2.9 Particularization 92

4.1.2.2.10 Combination of Established equivalent and Reduction 93 4.1.3 SL partially-oriented and TL partially-oriented

Techniques of Translation 94

4.1.3.1 Amplification 95

4.1.3.2 Combination of Pure borrowing and Modulation 96 4.1.3.3 Combination of Pure borrowing and Description 96 4.1.3.4 Combination of Pure borrowing and Reduction 98 4.1.3.5 Combination of Pure borrowing and Adaptation 99 4.1.3.6 Combination of Pure borrowing

and Established Equivalent 100

4.2 Findings 101

4.3 Discussion 103

4.3.1 Foreignization 104

4.3.2 Domestication 104 43.3 Partial Foreignization and Partial Domestication 105

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions 108

5.2 Suggestions 110

BIBLIOGRAPHY 112

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Study

Culture is manifested in many things, such as food as a material culture or language as non-material culture. The concept of culture itself is universal and it is used in various disciplines, such as anthropology, political science, sociology, literary studies, etc. However, as the focus of this thesis is translation of culture specific items or cultural terms, the concept of culture will be considered from the linguistic point of view. Translation is a process or a result of converting information from one language into another or is a process of transferring meaning.

Catford (1965:1) states that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. He further states that language is a patterned human behavior. It is a way, probably the most important way, in which human beings interact in social situations. Language-behavior is externalized or manifested in some kind of bodily activity on the part of a performer, and presupposes the existence of at least one other human participant in situation, an addressee. The specific type of behavior in which language is manifested not only identifies the behavior as

language-behavior but also defines the medium which the performer is using. The

performer‟s activity most commonly takes the form of either vocal movements which generate sounds-waves or hand movements which leave a visible trace.

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The first type of activity is a manifestation of language in the spoken medium –

the performer is a speaker, and his addressee (s) is/are a hearer (s). The second type is a manifestation of language in the written medium – the performer is a writer, and his addressee (s) is/are a reader or readers.

Translation work is intended to make it easier for the reader to get information from other different languages, but the process of translating itself is not easy. People often think that if someone knows or can speak a language, then he or she must be able to do a translation. As a matter of fact, it is not as simple as that. As Larson (1988) states that besides mastering the lexicon and grammatical structure of a language, a translator also has to understand the communication situation and the cultural context of source text and reconstruct this same meaning using lexicon and grammatical structure of the target text. As no such a thing as a perfect, ideal or „correct; translation, a translator always tries to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expression by pursuing facts and words. A translator works on four levels: firstly translation is a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them – here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified; secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation; lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences (Newmark, 1988:6). He also states that as a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared increasingly conspicuously in public places;

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3 for instructions issued by exporting company; for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the native into the foreign language by natives as a matter of national pride; for official documents, such as treaties and contracts; for reports, papers, articles, correspondence, textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for every branch of knowledge. Its volume has increased with the rise of the mass media, the increase in the number of independent countries, and the growing recognition of the importance of linguistic minorities in all the countries of the world.

A translator should create a good translation since it is a bridge to connect two different cultures by the conversation of linguistic system as well as a medium that enables people to interact well with others from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Vermeer (1986) opposes the view that translation is simply a matter of language, for him, translation is primarily a cross-cultural transfer and in his view, the translator should be bicultural, if not multicultural, which naturally involves a command of various languages, as language is an intrinsic part of culture. He views that translation is a cross-cultural event. He also states that the concept of culture as a totality of knowledge, proficiency and perception is fundamental in our approach to translation. If language is an integral part of culture, the translator needs not only proficiency in two languages; he must also be at home in two cultures. In other words, he must be bilingual and bicultural. The extent of his knowledge, proficiency and perception determine not only his ability to produce the target text, but also his understanding of the source language.

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4 One of the great novels from Indonesia which has been translated into

English is BumiManusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Pramoedya Ananta Toer

was an Indonesian author of novels, short stories, essays, polemics, and histories of his home and its people. His sure name is Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer, however because he felt too aristocratic with the prefix name „mas‟ he removed „mas‟ and use only “toer” for his sure name. He stayed in Netherland in 1950s as the part of the cultural exchange program, and when he returned to Indonesia he became a member of Lekra, one left-wing organizations in Indonesia. His writing style shows about the corruption, fiction criticism in the civil service who fall in to traps of corruption. Because of his writing theme, it creates friction between him and Soekarno government. He also studied about the abuse of Indonesian Chinese and wrote Hoakiau as the history of the Chinese in Indonesia. In the 1960s he was arrested because he criticized the government ignoring the Java-centric needs and desires of other areas in Indonesia. He also proposed that the government should be moved outside of Java. Because of his views was pro-communist, Soeharto government banned all of his books and he was arrested and detained without trial in reclaiming of the coast Java, and finally on Buru island in eastern Indonesia. Most of his writings are semi-autobiographical, in which he drew his own

experiences. In Bumi Manusia he reflects the Javanese culture in general as well

as the aristocratic Java, interaction between Javanese and Dutch, and the Indonesian court, which all of was experienced by Pramoedya, himself. He obtained a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts in 1995. He has also been considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

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5 He also won the Fukuoka Asian Cultural Gifts XI 2000 and in 2004 Norwegian Authors' Union Award for his contributions to the literary world. He completed the trip to North America in 1999 and received an award from the University of Michigan.

In translating a literary work, such as novel, the translator has to know the equivalence translation of cultural terms in the target language. In this present study, the writer takes the cultural specific items found in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This novel was set in Javanese culture in 1898 which brings the reader to the colonial life in Indonesia that time. The examples of cultural terms found in Bumi ManusiaareGaruda, Ningrat, Nyai, Mas, etc. The cultural specific items in this study are taken in the form of words, phrase and expressions.

As a part of translation strategies, a translator has their own strategy in translating the product of translation. As cultures are increasingly brought into greater contact with one another, it is the cultural aspect of the text that the translator should take into account. The translators are faced with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a strange way. Williams (2002) states that related to translation, culture manifests in two ways, first, the concept or reference of the vocabulary items is somehow specific for the given culture. Second, the concept or reference is actually general but expressed in a way specific to the source language culture. In practice, however, it is suggested that a translator should take into account the purpose of the translation in translating the culturally-bound words or expressions. The translation techniques discussed should also be considered.

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6 A translator is the one who controls the transfer of meaning, whether he or she tends to emphasize the source language or the target language; reducing the „foreign‟ as much as possible that a translated text sounds natural or deviating from the target language norms to bring readers to an alien reading experience. Lawrence Venuti‟s work (1995) has focused on the dichotomy between what he terms „domesticating‟ and „foreignizing‟ translation. „Domestication‟ implies that the translator‟s aim is to give the readers of the Target Text (TT) the illusion that it was originally written in the Target Language (TL), whereas „foreignizing‟ translation aims to challenge the TL reader by confronting the dissimilarities between Source and Target Language cultures. In the domesticating translation, a translator attempts to produce a target language translation as naturally as possible. It means that he minimizes the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers through a clear, transparent and fluent style of translation. The translated text will be much more familiar to the target language readers so that they feel as if they were reading an original text, not a translated one. On the contrary, in foreignizing translation, a translator attempts to take the target language readers to the foreign culture and make them feel the linguistic and cultural differences. The target language readers will recognize that they are not reading an original text but that of translated.

The importance of domestication and foreignization in translating specific cultural items is to know the aim of the translator as well as his attitudes towards the cultural features and values expressed in a source text (ST) which is different from the translator and the target readers. Besides, what may be obvious forthe native speakers of one language, for foreigners maysound strange as they do not

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7 share a common experienceand they do not belong to that particular community.Furthermore, every language possesses specific words andphrases for special kinds of culture-specific concepts:events, customs or objects

It is interesting to investigate the tendency of the use of the ideology of translation, domestication or foreignization, and techniques adopted by the translator in the translations of Indonesian cultural terms into English. This research is conducted with the focus on viewing the frequently-applied ideology of translation in dealing with cultural terms in the translations of words, phrases, or expressions related to culture. In addition, the techniques of translation used in the translations of words, phrases, or expressions related to cultural terms were also analyzed in this research. The novel Bumi Manusia (1980) and its translation This Earth of Mankind (1990) were considered representative as the data sources in this research, since the novel Bumi Manusia contains many cultural terms, Indonesian cultural terms and their translations in English.

This earth of mankind is translated by an Australian, Max Lane, a lecturer on Asian Studies at The University of Sydney. Lane is responsible for the magnificent translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s great novel The Buru

Quartet, as well as being the translator of other works by that author and other

writers. In addition, he worked for years with various dramatists and actors in the Indonesian theater, and he is a writer and poet in his own right. He has also been a leading figure in building solidarity with the Indonesian left and popular movements and over the years written innumerable articles about the struggles against the Suharto dictatorship and the tumultuous period which followed it.

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To emphasize the background of this present study, the writer realizes that translating a novel is not an easy thing to do, especially when it contains the cultural terms or cultural specific items. The cultural terms found in Bumi

Manusia which istranslated toThis Earth of Mankind arethe representative of

certain culture in Indonesia. The product of the translation is translated by a native from Australia, Max lane, who is also a lecturer who studies and teaches Asian culture. It is expected that the translator does not only able to transfer the meaning in his translation but also has the competency in translating the cultural terms in the novel. In addition, it is also important to know his techniques and his tendency, whether SL oriented or TL oriented, in translating cultural terms found

in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer.

1.2 The Problems of Study

Based on the background above, the problems of the study for are formulated as the following.

1. What categories of cultural terms are found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s work Bumi Manusia and their translation in This Earth of Mankind?

2. How are the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind?

3. What is the most frequently-applied ideology of translation in dealing with the translation of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind? What factors are leading to the application of the ideology of translation to the translation of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind?

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1.3 The Objectives of Study

Based on the problems above, this study has two objectives. They are: 1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objectives of this study are:

1)to find out whether all categories of cultural terms are found in translated text especially in literary translation

2) to find out whether a translator tends to retain cultural terms in his translation. 3) to identify the tendencies of the use of ideologies of translation in translated texts and to provide valuable understanding of domestication and foreignization ideologies in literary translation.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are:

1) to investigate categories of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and their translation in This Earth of Mankind

2) to explain the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind

3) to analyze the most frequently-applied ideology of translation, domestication or foreignization, used in the translation of cultural terms of Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s work Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind and to identify factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation to the translation of those cultural terms.

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1. 4 TheScope of Study

This study focuses on translation as a product, more specifically on words, phrases, or expression closely related to culture from Indonesian into English in terms of categories of culture, techniques of translation, foreignisation or domestication, and factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation. In short, it is related to the cultural terms at which translated from Bahasa Indonesia into English. The study of translation through domestication and foreignization is important since it concerns with two cultures, the former means replacing the source culture with the target culture and the latter means preserving the differences of the source culture.

The data of this study are limited to cultural terms, in form of words,

phrase and expressions from the novel entitled Bumi Manusia (1978) by

Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translation into English This Earth of Mankind (1980) by Max Lane. The cultural terms in this study are divided into words, phrases and expressions from the source language into the target language. Specifically, this study is focusing on the analysis of cultural terms proposed by Newmark (1988) and as qualitative evidence, then the data will also be analyzed based on the techniques of translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) which has the same notion with Newmark (1988). The analysis is done by: 1. Observing, identifying, and categorizing the cultural terms found in the text Bumi Manusia and the translation into This Earth of Mankind. The writer determined whether it is a cultural term by consulting the KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 2014) to check the root of the words, if it comes from specific culture, then the words, phrase and expressions are included in cultural terms.

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11 All instances of cultural terms, words and phrases, in the source language and their translations in the target language were classified based on categories of culture as proposed by Newmark (1988).

2. Analyzing the data collected based on the translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) which also in a line with translation method by Newmark (1988).

3. Identifying and analyzing the tendencies of the use of the ideologies of translation, domestication or foreignization

4. Explaining the data which were classified into the domestication and foreignization

5. Identifying the factors determining the translation techniques applied by the translator.

1.5 The Significance of Study

The significance of this present study is divided into theoretical and practical significance as the following:

1.5.1 Theoretical Significance

This study contributes to the development of cultural and linguistic studies particularly the tendencies of the use of domestication or foreignization ideologies in the translation of literary texts from Indonesian into English. It also provides theoretical and valuable insight into the relationship between the applications of techniques of translation and the ideology of translation in cultural translation. In addition it is also useful to those who want to learn about translation or to those who want to be an ideal translator by understanding, theoretically, linguistic and cultural differences.

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1.5.2 Practical Significance

This study serves as a reference for translator in translating cultural terms in literary texts especially from Indonesian into English. This study will also be helpful and useful for those who are interested in translation since they can comprehend the techniques applied by the translator and the tendencies of the use of ideologies of translation, domestication and foreignization. In addition, those who are interested in translation also realize that culture is important to take into account when translating texts especially literary texts.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion

After conducting the research, drawing conclusions and offering suggestions is the final part in which the findings of the research are summarized according to the research problems clearly. Having conducted the analyses of the translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English including the analysis of categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, the most frequently-applied ideology of translation, and the factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation, some conclusions and suggestions can finally be drawn in this chapter.

Based on the findings presented in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be made as follows:

1. In the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind, some categories of cultural terms were found and investigated. There were 162 identified cultural terms classified into five categories, they are ecological culture including terms closely related to fauna and geographical features; material culture including terms closely related to clothes, food, house, transports, and medium of exchange; social culture including terms closely related to work, leisure, personal names and terms of address, and kinship; social organization including terms closely related to social administration, religion, artistic things and craft, and history; gestures and habits including terms closely related to habits, and special words used in relation to a particular thing or activity or condition.

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109 2. Some techniques of translation were applied in the translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English. There were 18 techniques of translation adopted in the translations of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind including the applications of single and double techniques of translation. They were SL-oriented technique of translation including pure borrowing and calque; TL-oriented techniques of translation including adaptation, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of established equivalent and reduction; and SL oriented and TL partially-oriented techniques of translation including the applications of amplification, combination of pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing and description, combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of pure borrowing and adaptation and combination of pure borrowing and established equivalent.

3. Having analyzed the techniques of translation, the analysis of the ideology of translation, the most frequently-applied ideology of translation, could also be made. There are, in fact, two basic ideologies of translation, foreignization and domestication. However, in this research, it was revealed that some cultural terms were also partially foreignized (partial foreignization) and partially domesticated (partial domestication). From the analysis of techniques of translation, it could be concluded that the most frequently-applied ideology of translation was domestication (72.80%). The domestication ideology of translation was applied through some techniques of translation including adaptation, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent,

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110 generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of established equivalent and reduction, while 12.40% of the cultural terms were foreignized. The foreignization ideology of translation was applied through pure borrowing technique of translation and calque. In addition, 14.80% of the cultural terms were also partially foreignized and partially domesticated. It means those cultural terms received partial foreignization and partial domestication ideology of translation. The partial foreginization and partial domestication was applied through the application of amplification technique of translation and through some combinations of two different techniques of translation including combination of pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing and description, combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of pure borrowing and adaptation, and pure borrowing and established equivalent.

The factors leading to the applications of those ideologies were cultural differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference

5.2 Suggestions

Translating is not merely changing words, phrases, or sentences into different languages; it has to do with culture. Translating cultural terms or culturally-bound texts is not as easily as translating other terms. A translator should have deep understanding of the source language and that of the target linguistically and culturally, it means that a translator should be bilingual bicultural, and also bicompetent. In cultural translation, a translator does not need to render terms that are unfamiliar and unknown in the target language, just retain the cultural terms so that the target language readers will know and understand about the source language culture. However, footnotes are required. In addition,

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111 students, researchers, scholars, and anyone who are interested in conducting a research on translation, they can use this research as a reference to conduct a further research closely related to cultural translation, especially on ideology of translation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albir, A.H and Molina, L. 2002. Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and

Functionalist Approach. Meta, Vol. XLVII. No.4.

Arifmulakmal. 2009. “The Analysis of Cultural Expressions in the Translation of “Introduction to Indonesian and Culture” Handbook” (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University.

Baker, M. 1992. In other Words: A course book on translation. London: Routledge.

Bogdan, R and Biklen S.K. 1992.Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Brown, J.D., and Rodgers, T.S. 2002. Doing Applied Linguistics Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation.London: Oxford University.

Catford, M. 1974. A Linguistics Theory of Translation.London: Oxford.

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource

Book. London: Routledge.

Hatim, Basil and Ian Mason. 1997. The Translator as Communicator. New York: Routledge.

Hariyanto, Sugeng. 1996. Of Poetry Translation. ELE Journal 2:1, 91-104. Hoed, B.H.Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan.Jakarta: PT.Dunia PustakaJaya, 2006 Hornby, A.S. 2005.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Jayantini, I, Gusti. 2011. Domestication and Foreignization Taking Place in

Technical Translation of the Bilingual Glossary of Biosecurity

(Thesis). Jakarta: Atmajaya University.

Judickaite, L. 2009. The Notions of Foreignization and Domestication Applied to Film Translation: Analysis of Subtitles in Cartoon Ratatouille”

(Journal), Jaunyjy Mokslininku.

Karoubi, Behrouz. Ideology and Translation with a Concluding Point

onTranslationTeaching. behrouz_karoubi@hotmail.com. www.article233.htm

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113 Larson, Mildred. L. 1984. Meaning Based on Translation.: A Guide to

Cross-Language Equivalence. LanhamNew York & London: University Press

of America

Larson, Mildred. L .Meaning Based Translation, United States: University Press of America.

Lefevere, Andre. 1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge.

Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Text Book of Translation. United States: Prentice Hall. Nida, Eugene A, and C.H Taber. 1976. Language Translation and

Translation. California: Stanford University.

Nida. E. 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Pratama, Y. 2009. “The Balinese Cultural Terms with Indonesian and English Translations found in the Book Entitled Tiga Satua Bali” (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University.

Shuttleworth, M and Cowie, M. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St Jerome.

Stevens, A.M and Schmidgall-Tellings, A.E. 2010. A comprehensive

Indonesian-English dictionary.Athens: Ohio University Press.

Sudaryanto, 1993.Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar

Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta

Wacana University Press.

Sudaryanto, 1988.Metode Linguistik Bagian Pertama: Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press

Sugono, D. 2014. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 1980. Bumi Manusia. Jakarta: Lentera Dipantra.

Van Dijk. 1999. Critical Discourse Analysis and Conversation Analysis

(retrieved on December 20th 2014 from

http://www.discourseinsociety.org/Oldarticles/the%20reality%20of%20racis m.pdf.

Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. New York: Routledge.

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114 Venuti, Lawrence. 1997. Translating the Foreign: (in) visibility of translation.

New York: Rouledge.

Venuti, Lawrence (Ed). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge.

Vermerr and Hornby. 1988. The Tuns of Translation Studies. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.

Williams J and Chesterman A. 2002.The Map: a Beginner's Guide to Doing

Research in Translation Studies. Manchester and Kinderhook (NY): St.

Jerome Publishing.

Yang,W. 2010. Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation. Journal of Language Teaching and Research Vol.1 No. 1, pp. 77-80. Qingdao: Academy Publisher.

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2. Some techniques of translation were applied in the translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English. There were 18 techniques of translation adopted in the translations of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind including the applications of single and double techniques of translation. They were SL-oriented technique of translation including pure borrowing and calque; TL-oriented techniques of translation including adaptation, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of established equivalent and reduction; and SL oriented and TL partially-oriented techniques of translation including the applications of amplification, combination of pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing and description, combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of pure borrowing and adaptation and combination of pure borrowing and established equivalent.

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generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of established equivalent and reduction, while 12.40% of the cultural terms were foreignized. The foreignization ideology of translation was applied through pure borrowing technique of translation and calque. In addition, 14.80% of the cultural terms were also partially foreignized and partially domesticated. It means those cultural terms received partial foreignization and partial domestication ideology of translation. The partial foreginization and partial domestication was applied through the application of amplification technique of translation and through some combinations of two different techniques of translation including combination of pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing and description, combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of pure borrowing and adaptation, and pure borrowing and established equivalent.

The factors leading to the applications of those ideologies were cultural differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference

5.2 Suggestions

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students, researchers, scholars, and anyone who are interested in conducting a research on translation, they can use this research as a reference to conduct a further research closely related to cultural translation, especially on ideology of translation.

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112

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Arifmulakmal. 2009. “The Analysis of Cultural Expressions in the Translation of “Introduction to Indonesian and Culture” Handbook” (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University.

Baker, M. 1992. In other Words: A course book on translation. London: Routledge.

Bogdan, R and Biklen S.K. 1992.Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Brown, J.D., and Rodgers, T.S. 2002. Doing Applied Linguistics Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation.London: Oxford University.

Catford, M. 1974. A Linguistics Theory of Translation.London: Oxford.

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.

Hatim, Basil and Ian Mason. 1997. The Translator as Communicator. New York: Routledge.

Hariyanto, Sugeng. 1996. Of Poetry Translation. ELE Journal 2:1, 91-104. Hoed, B.H.Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan.Jakarta: PT.Dunia PustakaJaya, 2006 Hornby, A.S. 2005.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Jayantini, I, Gusti. 2011. Domestication and Foreignization Taking Place in Technical Translation of the Bilingual Glossary of Biosecurity (Thesis). Jakarta: Atmajaya University.

Judickaite, L. 2009. The Notions of Foreignization and Domestication Applied to Film Translation: Analysis of Subtitles in Cartoon Ratatouille” (Journal), Jaunyjy Mokslininku.

Karoubi, Behrouz. Ideology and Translation with a Concluding Point onTranslationTeaching. behrouz_karoubi@hotmail.com. www.article233.htm Lane, Max. 1990. This Earth of Mankind. Australia: Penguin Groups Australia.

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Larson, Mildred. L. 1984. Meaning Based on Translation.: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. LanhamNew York & London: University Press of America

Larson, Mildred. L .Meaning Based Translation, United States: University Press of America.

Lefevere, Andre. 1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge.

Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Text Book of Translation. United States: Prentice Hall. Nida, Eugene A, and C.H Taber. 1976. Language Translation and Translation. California: Stanford University.

Nida. E. 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Pratama, Y. 2009. “The Balinese Cultural Terms with Indonesian and English Translations found in the Book Entitled Tiga Satua Bali” (thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University.

Shuttleworth, M and Cowie, M. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St Jerome.

Stevens, A.M and Schmidgall-Tellings, A.E. 2010. A comprehensive Indonesian-English dictionary.Athens: Ohio University Press.

Sudaryanto, 1993.Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.

Sudaryanto, 1988.Metode Linguistik Bagian Pertama: Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press

Sugono, D. 2014. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 1980. Bumi Manusia. Jakarta: Lentera Dipantra.