Text charted by paragraphs, with PoDs

going to a certain place’. The self-standing pronoun niehe ‘me’ is not necessary for identifying the referent, as both speakers know well who the referent is. In addition, the 1 st person SG subject prefix n- on nagenda immediately follows. Rather, the use of the pronoun niehe ‘I’ is added as a point of departure in response to what was already said.

2.3.2 Use of points of departure in narrative texts

A point of departure P O D is an element that is placed at the beginning of a clause or sentence, with a dual function: a it cohesively anchors the following speech to something that is already in the context, and b it establishes a starting point for the next communication. 5 Points of departure include temporal adverbs, dependent time clauses, noun phrases called referential PoDs, and conjunctions. Virtually every paragraph begins with a point of departure. However, the elements that constitute PoDs, especially conjunctions and noun phrases, can occur in other places too, where they do not function to begin a paragraph. Thus the existence of a point of departure is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a new paragraph. As can be observed in Appendix A on pauses, points of departure are typically followed by the longest pause in the clause.

2.3.3 Text charted by paragraphs, with PoDs

In this section a typical Fuliiru narrative is presented. Notice how points of departure under the PoD columns function at the beginning of paragraphs. As already noted, although some noun phrases function as PoDs, not all noun phrases do. For example noun phrases function as PoDs in e Muka mbulu ‘Wife of lizard’, in f Iyo mbulu ‘that lizard’, and in g Ihano ‘Advice’. However, there are other noun phrases that are not PoDs, e.g. in b we find Uyo mwira wage ‘that friend of his’ in the middle of the paragraph, at the beginning of the second sentence. Table 5. PoDs in Namukukuzo nembulu ‘Guinea fowl and the lizard’ T4 Point of departure Comments Non-referential PoD Referential PoD New information PoD type a Namukukuzo âli riiri mwira wembulu. Uyo namukukuzo , ndaahyo hyo angasigiri hamwo yo mwira wage . Bombi bâli kizi lyanwa akaholo nakaduutu, banâli kizi tabaalana ku ngiisi magoorwa. Guinea fowl was a friend of the lizard. That guinea fowl, there is no small thing he would leave at the home of his friend. Both of them ate cold and hot things together, and they were continuously helping each other with every need. Introduction b Lusiku luguma One day, imbulu yanagira ulusiku lukulu, yanatumira uyo mwira wage kwo ayije baganuule . Uyo mwira wage anayija bo na mukaage. the lizard had a feast, and he sent for that friend of his to come and talk. That friend of his, came together with his wife. Inciting moment 5 Adapted from Levinsohn 2008 NonNarr0-3:2. Point of departure Comments Non-referential PoD Referential PoD New information PoD type c Iri bakahika ha mwembulu , When they came to the home of the lizard, yanabwira umukukuzo kwokuno: “E mwira wani, bwo namu gira ulusiku lukulu , undabule ishala lyawe . ” Namukukuzo anashuvya: “E maashi mwira wani Si wambuuna íbigooziri . ” Kundu kwokwo, namukukuzo anaheereza uyo mwira wage ishala liguma. Iyo mbulu yanagira yulwo lusiku lukulu na yiryo ishala . it told the guinea fowl thus, “Please my friend Since I am about to make a feast, give me one of your feathers. The guinea fowl answered, “Please my friend It’s obvious that you have asked for something that I need.” Even so, guinea fowl gave his friend one feather. That lizard made a feast out of that feather. Change of time and place d Hanyuma Afterwards, namukukuzo naye anabona kwo agire ulusiku lukulu . Naye anatumira uyo mwira wage , anamúbwira, “E mwira wani Ngola ngaagira ulusiku lukulu. Undabule uluhu lwawe . ” Imbulu yanashuvya: “Bitangashoboka kwo nyikere ku luhu lwani, mbu lyo ngutabula . ” the guinea fowl also saw that he should make a feast. And he also sent for his friend, and told him, “O my friend I am about to make a feast. Give me part of your skin.” The caiman answered, “It would not be possible that I cut from my skin, to give you some.” Change of time e Muka mbulu The wife of the lizard anabwira yiba kwokuno: “E yaga Si wehe mwira wawe akakuheereza ishala lyage, wanagira mwo lulya lusiku lukulu.” Iyo mbulu yanayemeera yiryo ihano lya mukaage, yanayikera ku magala gaayo, yanaheereza uyo mwira wage . Uyo mwira wage anagira mwo yulwo lusiku lukulu naye. told her husband like this, “O comrade It’s obvious that your friend has given you his feather, and you made a feast from it.” That lizard agreed to that advice of his wife, and cut off a piece of his body, and gave it to his friend. That friend of his made from it a feast also. New conversation f Iyo mbulu That lizard yanataahira imwayo ikola mu kunira. Yikyo kihando kyo ikayikera , kyanatonda, yanafwa. went home limping. That sore which he got from cutting himself swelled up, and he died. Change of place g Ihano: Advice: Ihano libi likizi yitiisania. Bad advice kills. Conclusion In the story above, several kinds of PoDs are exemplified: noun phrases called referential PoDs, temporal adverbs, and temporal dependent time clauses. In each case the PoD ties together what is already in the mind of the readerhearer with new information.

2.3.4 Temporal PoDs in non-quoted material