Temporal PoDs in non-quoted material

Point of departure Comments Non-referential PoD Referential PoD New information PoD type c Iri bakahika ha mwembulu , When they came to the home of the lizard, yanabwira umukukuzo kwokuno: “E mwira wani, bwo namu gira ulusiku lukulu , undabule ishala lyawe . ” Namukukuzo anashuvya: “E maashi mwira wani Si wambuuna íbigooziri . ” Kundu kwokwo, namukukuzo anaheereza uyo mwira wage ishala liguma. Iyo mbulu yanagira yulwo lusiku lukulu na yiryo ishala . it told the guinea fowl thus, “Please my friend Since I am about to make a feast, give me one of your feathers. The guinea fowl answered, “Please my friend It’s obvious that you have asked for something that I need.” Even so, guinea fowl gave his friend one feather. That lizard made a feast out of that feather. Change of time and place d Hanyuma Afterwards, namukukuzo naye anabona kwo agire ulusiku lukulu . Naye anatumira uyo mwira wage , anamúbwira, “E mwira wani Ngola ngaagira ulusiku lukulu. Undabule uluhu lwawe . ” Imbulu yanashuvya: “Bitangashoboka kwo nyikere ku luhu lwani, mbu lyo ngutabula . ” the guinea fowl also saw that he should make a feast. And he also sent for his friend, and told him, “O my friend I am about to make a feast. Give me part of your skin.” The caiman answered, “It would not be possible that I cut from my skin, to give you some.” Change of time e Muka mbulu The wife of the lizard anabwira yiba kwokuno: “E yaga Si wehe mwira wawe akakuheereza ishala lyage, wanagira mwo lulya lusiku lukulu.” Iyo mbulu yanayemeera yiryo ihano lya mukaage, yanayikera ku magala gaayo, yanaheereza uyo mwira wage . Uyo mwira wage anagira mwo yulwo lusiku lukulu naye. told her husband like this, “O comrade It’s obvious that your friend has given you his feather, and you made a feast from it.” That lizard agreed to that advice of his wife, and cut off a piece of his body, and gave it to his friend. That friend of his made from it a feast also. New conversation f Iyo mbulu That lizard yanataahira imwayo ikola mu kunira. Yikyo kihando kyo ikayikera , kyanatonda, yanafwa. went home limping. That sore which he got from cutting himself swelled up, and he died. Change of place g Ihano: Advice: Ihano libi likizi yitiisania. Bad advice kills. Conclusion In the story above, several kinds of PoDs are exemplified: noun phrases called referential PoDs, temporal adverbs, and temporal dependent time clauses. In each case the PoD ties together what is already in the mind of the readerhearer with new information.

2.3.4 Temporal PoDs in non-quoted material

A temporal point of departure can be a temporal adverbial, or a dependent temporal clause. In the following examples the highlighted temporal PoDs establish the temporal setting for what follows. In 9, after the background of the narrative has been established, the temporal adverbial lusiku luguma ‘one day’ provides a PoD for the event line. This is a very common way to begin the event line of a story. 9 Lusiku luguma, Wakere na Wamushalabira bakagwanana mwidako lye kiti, Day one, frog and lizard met under of tree banayigamba. and they gossiped. ‘One day frog and lizard met under a tree and gossiped.’ In 10, after the story background has been established in the first line, the event line again begins Iri hakaba lusiku luguma ‘When it was one day’. This is an expanded version of lusiku luguma in 9 and is also a very common way to begin the event line. 10 Uyo munyere, abatabana ba ngiisi mulala, banakizi yiji mútiza, anabalahire. That girl young men of every tribe habitually came to court her and she refused them. Iri hakaba lusiku luguma, ayiji bona umushosi wo’Mubembe ayiji mútiza. When it was day one, she came to see a man of leprosy is coming to court her. ‘That girl was being courted by young men of every tribe, and she refused them. When it was one day, she saw a man with leprosy coming to court her.’ In 11 the dependent time clause Iri hakatama ‘After all that’ provides a PoD for events near the peak of the story. 11 Iri hakatama, Wandare anayibuuza mu mutima gwage: “Ka ngatuula muno When that all happened Lion asked in heart of him Q I will live in there nienyene?” by himself? ‘After all that, lion asked himself, “Will I live in here by myself?” ’ In 12 the adverb Lyeryo ‘Right then’ functions as a PoD for the first clause. 12 Lyeryo, uyo muluzi nyere anahinga na nyina. Right then that king’s daughter farmed with her mother. ‘Right then that princess was farming with her mother.’

2.3.5 Dependent clauses in tail-head structures in non-quoted material