Quality of Population

B. Quality of Population

Qualified population will be a resource for development, conversely unqualified people are a burden of development. Better quality is apparent from the small amount of illiterate population, increased school enrollment rate (APS), net enrollment ratio (APM) and the Gross Enrollment Ratio (APK). In addition, the population who utilize school facilities can be known from the APS, APM and APK.

Illiterate people can be an indicator of the inability to read/write. In general, from 2010 to 2011, illiterate population has decreased for all age groups, only in the age group of 15-45 years increased. Based on the information from BPS-RI, the number of Illiterate increased compared to 2010 and 2011 due to:

1) The difference of estimate calculation methodology. In 2010, the inflate calculation was not based on a 5- year age groups (0-4, 5-9, 10-14,..), while in 2011, the inflate calculation was by 5-year age group.

2) Data collection in 2010 was conducted 1 (one) time in a year, namely in July, while in 2011 the data collection was conducted quarterly. This affects the calculation of the education indicators. When viewed from the change in 2011 to 2012, the illiterate population has also decreased although the decline was relatively small. This indicates that the quality of the population has slightly improved.

Judging from the age group, the percentage of the highest illiterate population is the age group greater than

45 years old, which was then followed by the age group of 15 and under and the last one is the age group of 15-45 years. This indicates that not all population were able to take advantage of the educational facilities. To find out how many people takes advantage of the educational facilities can be seen from the percentage of the population by education. Some of the indicators are used to assess the school enrollment in the region, among others known as: School Enrollment Rate (APS), the Gross Enrollment Ratio (APK) and net enrollment ratio (APM).

School Enrollment Rate (http://duniadinu.blogspot.com/2012/10) is a measurement educational institutions absorption to the school age population. APS is a basic indicator that is used to look at the population access to educational facilities, especially for school-age population. The higher the School Enrollment Rate the

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greater the number of people to have the opportunity to get an education. However, the increasing APS cannot always be interpreted as the increasing equal opportunities for the community to pursue education.

In general, the school enrollment rate has increased. The decline in the school enrollment rate is due to several matters (BPS-RI):

1) The difference of estimate calculation methodology. In 2010, the inflate calculation was not based on a 5- year age groups (0-4, 5-9, 10-14,..), while in 2011, the inflate calculation was by 5-year age group.

2) Data collection in 2010 was conducted 1 (one) time in a year, namely in July, while in 2011 the data collection was conducted quarterly. This affects the calculation of the education indicators for the school year that begins in July and ended in June the following year.

Although school enrollment rate has increased, it can be said that there are still some people who have not had the privilege of experiencing the existing educational facilities in Central Java. School Enrollment Rate consecutively ordered from the highest to the lowest for population age groups are 7-12 years, 13-15 years, 16-18 years and 19-24 years. Thus it can be said that the population having the most likely chance to obtain an education is in the age group of 7-12 years.

Net Enrollment Ratio (APM) shows the school participation of school-aged population at a certain level of education. APM indicates the percentage of the number of children at certain school age group who are attending school at a level of education according to their age to the total number of children at school age group concerned. Results of the research showed that the group of elementary school/Islamic elementary school percentage is more than the Junior High/Islamic Junior High and Senior High/Islamic Senior High. Thus it can be said that the percentage of age group of 7-12 years being in school is more than the age group of 13-15 years and 16-18. The higher percentage of the level of education the lower of those who attended school. This is possibly due to the increasing age that they decide not to attend school or choose to work for a living or help their parents to work in order to increase the family income.

If viewed from the changes, generally the net enrollment ratio has shifted into a positive direction, which means that from 2010 up to 2012 the percentage of people who attend continued to increase. While the negative sign or decrease is due to the differences in age estimation calculation methodology and the difference of data collection period similar to the calculation of school enrollment rates.

If APM is used to determine how many of the population in a specific school age group who are attending school in the level of education according to their age to the total number of children in the school age group in question, therefore APK can be used to determine how many school-age populations who are able to take advantage of educational facilities at a certain level of education regardless of the age. Gross Enrollment Ratio (APK) indicates the participation of people who are obtaining education in accordance with the education levels. Gross Enrollment Ratio (APK) is the percentage of population attending school on a given education level (regardless of age) of the school-age population that is in accordance with the level of education. BPS-RI explained that APK is used to measure the success of the educational development program held in order to expand opportunities for people to obtain education. APK is the simplest indicator to measure the absorption of the school age population at each level of education.

The APK value of Elementary School/Islamic Elementary School/Package A is greater than 100. This indicates that the student population attending Elementary/Islamic Elementary/Package A schools are children beyond the age limit of 7-12 years. For example, many children aged above 12 years, but still at the elementary school level or too many children who are not yet 7 years old has already entered elementary school. The presence of students older than the age of 7-12 years showed the cases of some failing the grades or delayed in entering school. On the contrary, students aged less than 7 years showed that these students entered school at a younger age.

Based on data from Net Enrollment Ratio, the percentage of group aged 16-18 years has the least percentage. It shows that there are still few people within the age group 16-18 who attend school, it's likely they do not want to attend school or they choose to work. From the analysis of net enrollment ration, it is also known that the higher the level of education the smaller the percentage of those who attend school. This is in line with the conditions of the number and percentage of the population aged 15 years and above, which indicates that the higher the education level, the lesser the percentage.

The highest population having elementary education or lower are those aged 15 years and over. Followed by those hav ing junior high education, senior high, Associate‘s Degree I/II/III/Bachelor+. This shows that the educational level of the population is still very low.

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