Semantic Analysis of Slang Used In Paul Movie Script

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SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED IN “

PAUL

_”

MOVIE SCRIPT

A THESIS BY

W ILDA RAHM AW ATI M ANIK REG.NO.080705004

DEPARTM ENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUM ATERA UTARA M EDAN 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to give my biggest gratitude to almighty Allah

Subhanahuwa Ta’ala for blessing my life, giving me good health, strength, and patience especially during the process of finishing this thesis. Then shalawat and salam to prophet Muhammad SAW who has lighted the life of all human beings. Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached the heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a lot of people.

I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., for giving all students facilities to support their study. The gratitude is also expressed to the head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum, as the secretary of English Department for the easiness and the facilities given to me during my study. And the writer also would like to thank to all lectures of English Department.

I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum as my supervisor and Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my co-supervisor respectively for helps, guidence, and contributions in my thesis. My gratitude is also expressed to all my lectures in English Department who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the acamic years.

My very special thanks to these special people whom I owe everything I am today, my father and my mother. Their unwavering faith and confidence in my

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abilities and in me is what has shaped me to be the person I am today. Thank you for everything.

Next, special thanks to my awesome friends, Rizka Tiska Sari, S.Sos and Winda Aini Siregar, S.Psi. Thanks for bringing back my smile anytime I lose it.

And the most special and deep thanks to my precious and wonderful sisters, Unnie Ika, Mida, Wulan, and Shinta. Thanks for caring and being patience to me.

Last but not least, to my friends who have been helped and save me information for the making of this thesis. I really appreciate it, thank you guys. Thank you very much to all of the people whose names could not be mentioned one by one.

May ALLAH SWT always bless us all, Amiin.

Medan, January 14th 2013 The writer

Wilda Rahmawati Manik 080705004

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, WILDA RAHMAWATI MANIK DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR WARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO

OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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NAME : WILDA RAHMAWATI MANIK

TITLE OF THESIS : SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED IN

“PAUL” MOVIE SCRIPT

QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul ”Semantic Analysis of Slang Used In Paul Movie Script” bertujuan untuk menganalisis kata-kata slang dalam Naskah Film Paul, kemudian mencari makna leksikal dan kontekstual serta mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan jenis perubahan maknanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Eble (1996) dalam menjelaskan slang, serta menggunakan teori Lyons (1984) untuk mengetahui makna leksikal dan kontekstual pada kata slang dan menggunakan teori Palmer dalam menjelaskan jenis perubahan makna yang terjadi pada kata-kata slang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan metode dokumentasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Data berupa kata-kata slang yang bersumber dari naskah film Paul. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa makna leksikal adalah makna yang ditetapkan dalam kamus, sedangkan makna kontekstual adalah makna yang diperoleh berdasarkan konteks pada kalimat ditemukannya kata-kata slang. Kata slang yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah kata-kata fuck, diikuti kata

shit, gonna, dan damn. Semua kata slang yang ditemukan diklasifikasi atas jenis perubahan maknanya. Ada empat jenis perubahan makna pada kata-kata slang yaitu, Generalisasi (67,9%), Spesialisasi (13,5%), Pejorasi (17,3%), Ameliorasi (1,2%).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………. v

COPY RIGHT DECLARATION ………. vi

ABSTRACT ………. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study ……… 1

1.2Problems of the Study ……… 4

1.3Objective of the Study ……… 4

1.4Scope of the Study ……… 5

1.5Significance of the Study ……… 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Literature ……… 6

2.1.1 Semantics ……… 6

2.1.2 Kind of Meaning ………... 7

2.1.3 Lexical Meaning ……… 7

2.1.4 Contextual Meaning ……… 8

2.1.5 Semantic Changes and Types ……… 9

2.1.6 Variety of Language ……… 12

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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design ……… 18

3.2 Data and Data Source ……… 19

3.3 Data Collection Procedures ……… 19

3.4 Data Analysis ……… 19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis ……….. 23

4.2 Finding ………. 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ……… 52

5.2 Suggestion ……… 53

REFERENCES APPENDICES

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is essentially important in human life as a means of communication. By communication, people easily can share information, express their ideas and interact with others. Furthermore, we can understand a language by means of meaning. Everyone who knows a language can understand what is said to him or her, and can produce string of words that conveys meaning. In linguistic, the study that relates to meaning is called semantics. Fromkin (1983:166) states that semantics is the study of linguistics meaning. While according to Goddard, semantics is the study of meaning, stand at the very centre of the linguistic quest to understand the nature of language abilities. Semantics is one of the branches of linguistics studying about the meaning, and it is considered as a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language (Crystal, 1999:310). Semantics is also at the centre of the study of human mind-though process, cognition and conceptualization, all these are intricately bound up with the way which we classify and convey out experience of the words through language.

When we study language in school or college, teachers usually teach us the standard language. As we know, it is usually used in formal situation, for instance, in meeting seminar, etc. It is very different when we got into the society or the real community of the language. People usually use non standard language for the informal situation. One of non-standard language we usually find is slang.

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Eble (1996:1) said that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. Hornby (1974:807) states that slang is words, phrases, meanings of words, commonly used in talk among friends or colleagues, but not suitable for good writing or formal occasions, especially the kind used by and typical of only one class of persons. The use of slang causes people to feel more intimate with one another while they are communicating.

Slang is usually popular among teenagers and adults. Slang is often used in daily life conversation. The phenomenon happened around us such as in chatting, direct conversation, or in other social network media. It is seen when teenagers try to use slang in talking to other people, some of them do not really understand the meaning of the slang word itself. They used it just because of hearing from other people or just get the influence of dialect action from movie or songs. This phenomenon has emerged because slang uses highly informal words and expressions that are not considered to be standard language. Thus, either adults or teenagers prefer to use it because it tends to be casual and does not have any grammatical rules. Slang is used only by particular group of people in certain territory for particular purposes. It can be seen from teenagers that use slang to create identity in order to be different from adult Afro-American people. They use slang to distinguish them from white people. Sometimes the slang words are not understood by people who are not familiar with them.

Nowadays, the use of slang is getting more globalized in reality, people often use slang words in instant messaging by using short-formed words when sending message. Moreover slang is also used in America or English movies especially

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movies that focused on gangster or teenagers lives. The ‘Paul’ is one of movies that use slang words. In this movie, there can be found some slangs used by the characters in communication. It is viewed that the use of slang among the characters in this movie, beside easy to say it because it refers to simple forms but also reflects the intimate situation.

This study concerns with investigating the lexical and contextual meaning and the semantic change’s type of slang that might appear in the script of ‘Paul’ movie. The contextual meaning is the meaning it has in the situation in which it is used. Here the example of lexical and contextual meaning of slang used in Paul Movie Script;

A: They think they're so cool.

GRAHAM

B:_{Hey, are you excited about going to}

Area 51?

CLIVE C:Hell_yes.

The word ‘Hell’ in the utterance above is a slang word. Based on the context, the real meaning of ‘Hell’ has changed into new different meaning. Lexically ‘Hell’ means the place believed to be the home of devils and where bad people go after death. Meanwhile in the context of Paul movie script above ‘Hell’ means a phrase

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indicating agreement or support. The new meaning of ‘Hell’ is broader than its real meaning.

By looking at the slang words of Paul movie script above, some people who use English as a second or foreign language may get confused in comprehending the meaning of the script, since the slang words have the specific meaning.

Departing from the argumentation above, the study of slang language in ‘Paul’ movie script is very interested how are the characters, especially the teenagers play the role in acting that reflected in their communication by using American slang.

1.2 Problem of the Study

The problems of this study are the contextual and lexical meaning and the less or more dominant type of semantic change of the slang words used “Paul” Movie Script.

1. What is the lexical and contextual meaning of slangs used in ‘Paul’ movie script?

2. What is the most dominant slang word used in ‘Paul’ movie script?

3. What is the type of semantic change that has less or more dominant for the slang used in ‘Paul’ movie script?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Based on the formulation of the problems mentioned above the objective of the study are:

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1. To identify the lexical and contextual meaning of slang found in ‘Paul’ movie script.

2. To identify the most dominant slang word used in ‘Paul’ movie script 3. To identify the type of semantic change of the slang in ‘Paul’ movie

script.

1.4 Scope of the Study

According to Moleong (2001:65), the scope of the study is the most determining step in the qualitative research. It is important to restrict the problem because it helps the Researcher in analyzing the data. Therefore, the writer focuses on slang word found in “PAUL” movie script.

1.5 Significances of the Study

The writer chooses the topic relating to the analysis of slang word used in ‘Paul’ movie script. Through this study, the writer hopes that the readers, especially American English learners can get more understanding about American slang, and its meaning. Moreover, the writer hopes the readers can understand some American slang found in American movie. The writer also wants the readers to understand slang when they are with the users of American slang. This study is also aimed to encourage people to conduct more research on slang used by other communities and to collect more documents about slang. Besides that, this study can be used as an additional reference for other students who are interested in studying further about slang, especially American slang.

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CHAPTER II

Review of Literature

This chapter presents the theories that support the study. In this study, the researcher use lexical and contextual meaning and semantic change theory to analyze the slang found in Paul Movie Script. There are also previous studies about semantic analysis of slang done by a former student, which will be stated after the main theory and supporting theories.

2.1 Review of Literature

2.1.1 Semantics

Fromkin (1999:151) says that for thousands years, philosophers have been pondering the meaning of meaning, yet speakers of a language can understand what is said to them and can produce strings of words that are meaningful to other speakers. He also states that semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. To understand language, people study semantics because they need to know the meaning of words and the morphemes that make the meaning of words combine into phrase and sentence meaning. They must interpret the meaning of utterances in the context in which they are made. The study of meaning is much needed for those who want to be good speaker or writer to communicate better in their daily life activities. Leech (1997:9) stated that semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more pressing. Semantics is not only the center of communication study, but also the center of the study of the human mind-though processes, cognition and

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conceptualization all these are intricately bound up with the way in which people classify and covey people’s experiences of the world through language.

Palmer (1981:1) stated that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. In addition, he stated that ‘meaning’ here covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what aspects of it may properly be included in semantics, or the way in which it should be described.

In conclusion, semantic is the study of meaning in language which is only concerns with the meaning, but also other relationships of meaning, including language and cultures.

2.1.2Kind of Meaning

Semantics concerns with aspects of meaning in language. There are certain kinds of meaning, such as lexical meaning, philosophical meaning, contextual meaning, grammatical meaning, sentence meaning, descriptive meaning, expressive meaning and social meaning. In this study the writer focuses on the theory of meaning that is related with this study that is the lexical meaning and contextual meaning.

2.1.3Lexical meaning

The meaning of words or lexical meaning is a part of linguistic knowledge and is therefore a part of the grammar. Lexical meaning is usually considered as

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being the meaning of word. Samsuri (1987:14) stated that “Lexical meaning is the meaning of word itself beyond the sentences composition. So the meaning of words will be changed when the words are put in the sentence”. According to Lyons (1984:140) lexical meaning is a meaning described in the lexicon or dictionary. In addition, he also said that lexical meanings are the meaning of a word or sentence which upon the meaning of its constituent lexemes.

2.1.4 Contextual Meaning

Contextual meaning is the meaning of words according to the situations in which they are used (Lyons: 1984:143). Different situations give different meaning. On the other hand, in the particular situations the sentences will be equal in meaning. In addition, contextual meaning is also defined as the information signaled about the kind of use a linguistic unit has in its social context (Crystal, 1991: 79).

Simon and Schuster (1982: 10) state that context is the interrelated condition in which something exists or occurs. Longman (1992: 275) says that “context means the part of speech of words and the things denote”. It can be said that contextual meaning have meaning according to the text. It involves the function of word in sentence formation since different arrangement of the same word can convey different context. So, we can conclude that the contextual meaning is the meaning of the words according to the situation in which they are used. Different situation may give different meaning in a sentence.

For example;

· Hair on my grandfather’s head is white · As head officer, she has to be on time.

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2.1.5Semantic changes and types

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1983:297), semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word that may expand or replace the original meaning of words in the process by either elevating the value of the word or lowering it. The meaning of words can also be shifted as they are borrowed from one language into another as it happened in the term formulation (Palmer 1981:2-5).

There are many factors why semantic changes occur. Generally, the meaning of a word change when the context is altered .According to Palmer (1981:9-13), the meaning of a word can be changed because of the following factors:

1. Happening by chance.

The meaning of a word is happening by chance and there is almost no meaning relation found between new and old words. For example, the word “money” in English refers to what you earn by working or selling things and use to buy things (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:172), while the word “moneo” in Latin refers to a warning.

2. Needs of new meaning

The meaning of a word is changed as it needs new meaning. Discoveries have caused human to be creative in giving names to new objects. The names are usually taken from available words whether from a language inside or outside community. For example, originally the word “close” in Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (2002:234) means to cover something over, to stop operating or near,

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while the compound word “close up” in film making terms refers to a photograph or a picture in a film or taking a very close of something to show the detail.

3. Scientific words

The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as scientific words. Scientific words are indeed taken from everyday vocabularies but they are used to explain something a bit different from the common idea. For example, the word “lens” refers to a curve piece of glass that makes things look larger (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:768), while the word “lens” in film making term refers to a part of camera where light pass through before hitting the film stock (Kamus Istilah Film Populer 2009:55).

4. Taboo

The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as a taboo word. Some tabooed words can lead their replacing words to receive additional meaning. For example, the word “Rest Room” is not a place to take a rest, but it is euphemism of Water Closet a place to defecate or wash and arrange your hair (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:1422)

Some of linguists define several of semantic changes from their two perspectives. These are types of semantic changes that are stated by Palmer (1981:8-9):

1. Generalization

It happens when the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts. The range of its meaning increases, so that the word can be used in

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various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one. Generalization often refers to all items in a class, rather than one specific item. For example, the original meaning of the word “take” means to carry or to move something from one place to another (Oxford Advanced Learner), while, the word “take” in film making term means the act of photographing a scene or a part of a scene without interruption.

2. Specialization

This is the opposite of generalization. It occurs when the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class. The range of its meaning is decreased, so that a word can be used only in fewer contexts than before is reshaped under the pressure of another word that had frequently co-occurred with it. For example, in the sentence “Legion is a good film that will be released on June 2010”, the word “film” refers to a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story. However, in the sentence “Be careful with this

film”, it will be used to capture an image”, the word “film” in film making terms refers to a thin sheet or a strip of developed photographic negatives or transparencies.

3. Pejoration

It is a process by which a word meaning is worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it originally did. For example, the word “blue” refers to a kind of color and it has positive meaning., but when it is added with word “film” in final position, the

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compound word “blue film” means porn or adult movie which has negative meaning.

4. Amelioration

It is a process by which the meaning of word improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally refers to. For example, in the sentence “The police shoot three of robbers in front of bank”, the word “shoot” means to shoot something with a gun. It has terrifying sense of hurting or killing someone. However, in the sentence “The cameraman starts to shoot the object of film on medium long shot”, the word “shoot” in film making terms means making a film or photographing something. In this sentence, the word “shoot” does not has a terrible sense as it is in the former sentence.

2.1.6 Variety of Language

Some facts about languages are that they are always changing over time, different between one another, and have a lot of varieties. The language variation exist because of the use of single language which is different within a single community, such as men do not speak like women, and older people do not speak like younger people. Trudgill (1983:100) stated “Language, in other words, varies not only according to social characteristics of the speaker (such as his social class, ethnic group, age, and sex). The same speaker uses the different linguistics varieties in different situation and different purposes”.

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a) Dialect

Dialect is one variety of language. According to Trudgill (1983:17) dialect is defined as the differences between kinds of language in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. “Dialect refers to all the differences between varieties of language, those in pronunciation, word usage, and syntax” (Chaika, 1982:132). On the level of vocabulary or word usage, for example, American English called the underground railway as “subway” while British English use the term “underground”. And “corn” which means “maize” in the U.S., Canada, and Australia, “wheat” in England, and “oats” in Scotland. Even though dialects of the same language are different, it still has common point of features.

b) Register

Different professional and different group may develop distinctive vocabularies. Ferguson in Wardhaugh, (2002:51) says that people participating in recurrent communication situations tend to develop similar vocabularies, similar features of intonation, and characteristic bits of syntax and phonology that they use in this situation. Wardhaugh (2002:51) defines the term register as sets of language item related with discrete occupational or social group. By using register, people can express their identity at a specific time or place.

c) Jargon

Jargon is special or technical words used by a particular group or people What “Jargon” then appears to mean is: it is technical, in-group

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language as seen by non-technical out-group members. One person’s jargon seems to be another person’s technical vocabulary. Many jargon terms pass into standard language. Jargon, like slang, spreads from narrow group until it is used and understood by large segment of the population.

d) Style

People speak in different ways, formally or informally, according to the situation and the circumstances. Ceremonial occasions require very formal speech, public lectures somewhat less formal, casual conversation quite informal, and conversation between friends may be extremely informal and casual. Speech varies with the situation; different situation requires different style of speech. Style refers to the selection of linguistics forms to convey social or artistic effects. Style is also as set of instructions. The message it conveys is not normally conveyed in words (Chaika, 1982:29).

e) Slang

Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speaker use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. The existence of vocabulary of this short within a language is possibly as old as language itself, for slang seems to be part of any language used in ordinary interaction by a community large enough and diverse enough to have identifiable subgroups.

The origin of word slang is unknown. It’s resemblance in sound and figurative meaning. Slang as linguistic phenomenon is universal. It can be

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found in any language. It is a kind of very colloquial and extremely word style (Fengjian, 1987: 43), therefore slang is used in informal environments and avoided in formal setting, like in the work or the classroom. This is because the use of slang in such circumstances (in the formal situation) could result that the speaker will be evaluated negatively.

Although slang is for informal situations and environments, it can be used for many purposes. In writing, it possesses characteristic such as novel conception, rich image and lively humor (Zhongshouman, 1995: 120). Generally slang expresses a certain emotional attitude, the same term may express different attitude when it is used by different people. Some slang words are primarily derogatory, although they may also be ambivalent when they are used in intimacy or affection. Because slang is in the area of fundamental emotions, slang become the most changeable and most productive language (Britanica, 1959: 767). Slangs are often invented to fit particular situation at a given moment, such as wetback and flop. In American English wetback describes a Mexican agricultural worker who enters the united states illegally by swimming across the Rio Grande, and flop has meaning “to flap around loosely”. Some slang words are essential because there are no word in standard language which express the exact meaning, such as rubberneck that refers to the people who are curious to go where the crowds are. Besides it can be used to express emotions, slang can be used to give identification for definite social group. People belonging to the same social group of the same trade, profession, hobby, age, or social position- tend to behave in the same way. This behavior influences not only the clothes they wear, but also the language they use. The language of a social group,

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particularly slang, is one of several forms of behavior that keeps the ground distinct from other groups (Britanica, 1959: 766). One of the commonest social grouping is that of people who work together, like student have lab

(the clipped form of laboratory) and gym (the clipped form of gymnasium), and the second hand car dealers have creampuffs (excellent car).

At the same time, slang is being seriously studied by linguist and other social scientist as a revealing index to the culture that produces and uses it. According to the scientific view, slang is part of natural growth of language. A living language must continually change, and some of the changes first appear as slang. Some slangs make the language capable of giving new and delicate shades of meaning to words or add vividness, clarity, and directness to everyday expression (Britanica, 1959: 767). Slang has probably always existed and probably always will exist, in all languages at all times (Pei, 1967: 189).

This thesis is used Eble’s theory to explain about the slang word and phrase. The theory of Lyons is used to find the lexical and contextual meaning. Palmer’s theory is used to explain about the semantic problem especially about the type of semantic change.

2.2 Relevant Studies

Actually the writer is not the first who analyze English or American slang word. First, the study of American English slang word has been conducted by graduated students of English literature faculty of Petra Christian University. The first research belongs to Handayani Wangi (2004) in her research “The Study of the English slangs

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and the processes that form them in "sugar & and spice" movie”. She describes the formation process of the slang words and found out the most frequent process used in those slang. Second, the study of American slang word has been conducted by graduated students of Humanities Faculty of Diponegoro University, Semarang. They have the same topic but it is different in using theory and has different object to discuss it. This second research belongs to Septika. S. Tobing (2010) in her research “Semantic change and meaning shift analysis on film making terms”. She describe the types of semantic change in film- making terms.

Based on the previous study above, the writer is interested in doing the same research concerning to the use of American slangs words in Movie Script, but is different. This study is meant to develop the absence of the topic. It is to identify the characteristic of slang and to describe the lexical meaning of slang word used in movie script.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

Mc Millar and Schumacher (1993:31) describe research design as the plan and structure of the investigation used to obtain evidence to answer research question. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative research; because of this study describe the meaning of slang word in Paul movie script. Slang is a kind of jargon marked by its rejection of formal rules, its comparative freshness and its common ephemerality, and its marked used to claim solidarity. The design describes the procedures for conducting the study, including when, from whom, and under what condition the data will be obtained. In other words, design indicates how the research is done. What happens to the object and what procedure of data collection are used. The purpose of a research design is to provide the most valid, accurate answer possible to research question. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative research. As stated by Gay (1987:11) descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer question relates to the current status of the object of the study. A descriptive study determines and reports the thing. It means that descriptive study, the research happen naturally, and the research has no control over the condition and the situation, and can only measure what already exist.

To do this thesis entitled “Semantic Analysis of Slang used in PAUL Movie Script”, the writer collects some relevant references such as textbook, theories, and

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thesis and browses internet. All of the references are related to semantic and language books.

3.2 Data and Data Source

All data in this thesis are taken from movie script. The data is limited only all slang words, and phrases found in Paul movie script (2011). It means that it is not included sentences though the slang words itself derived from the sentences in the movie script. There are slangs that have meaning as a full sentence, but if it separated into word, it doesn’t slang anymore.

3.3 Data Collection Procedures

In conducting the research, a method to collect the data is needed to achieve an accurate data. The documentation method is used in this research because the data are taken from a printed media. Arikunto (1983:18) said that the written data or variable in form of note, transcript, book, etc becomes a main object in the documentation method. This research is continued with a Note- Taking Method or Written Method which the data are listed by writing the lines of conversation from the movie script that only contain slang words or phrases and classifying them according to their types of semantic change.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

After reading the movie script, the researcher find the slang word and phrase and find out the lexical and contextual meaning. According to Miles and

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Huberman there are three major phrases of data analysis: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification.

Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Mode (Miles & Huberman, 1992)

3.4.1 Data Reduction

Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions (Miles & Huberman, 1992). In data reduction the mass of data has to be organized and meaningfully reduced or reconfigured. In this case, the researcher selects the slang words and phrases and classifies them into the type of semantic change.

3.4.2 Data Display

Data display is second component or level in Miles and Huberman (1992) model of qualitative data analysis. A display can be an extended piece of text or a diagram, graph, chart, table or matrix that provides a new way of arranging thinking about the more textually embedded data. At the display stage, additional, higher

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order categories or themes may emerge from the data that go beyond those first discovered during the initial process of data reduction.

3.4.3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification

This activity the third element of qualitative analysis. Conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to assess their implication for the questions at hand. Verification is linked to conclusion drawing, entails revisting the data as many times as necessary to cross-check or verifies these emergent conclusion. (Miles & Huberman, 1992).

This research also uses a Descriptive Qualitative Method as the researcher intended to identify the lexical and contextual meaning of slang words, phrase, or sentence in Paul movie script.

After collecting the data, the writer analyses them .The step of processing the data are as follows:

(1) Tabulating the slang words that have been found in the movie script;

(2) Giving the meaning of the slang words; in this part, the researcher uses oxford and urban dictionary to find the lexical and contextual meaning.

(3) Group them into types of semantic changes; (4) And drawing conclusion.

Examples of analyzing data :

GRAHAM

”Excuse me.”

PAUL

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From the example above, the slang word that found is ‘fucking’ and ‘psycho’.

It will be tabulated and give the lexical and contextual meaning of each word. After finding the lexical and contextual meaning, it will be classified into type of semantic change.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

This chapter deals with the analysis and findings that have been done through the methodology as explained in the third chapter.

4.1 Analysis

This analysis part is divided into two parts. The first one is the analysis of the meaning of slang word found in Paul movie script. The second one is the analysis of the type of semantic change to find which type of semantic change that has more and less dominant for the slang word. In this chapter, it is found 81 slangs.

4.1.1 Lexical and Contextual Meaning

No. Slang Line in Movie Script Lexical Meaning Contextual

Meaning

1. Damn “Damn straight.”

“Damn, I forgot to give him my card.”

“Damn it! Do you think he’s ‘left-‘ left?”

“Damnit, Haggard!”

“Damnit Haggard, wait!”

“Damnit, hang back, hang back!”

“He's my friend! I've known him for twenty years. He

to condemn to an unhappy fate; doom

Cursed Surprised

Disbelief

Angry

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introduced me to my wife damnit!”

Disbelief

2. Shit “Real hero shit.”

“Oh shit! How was he?”

“I’m a shit driver.”

“Oh you know, kickin' back, shooting the shit.”

“Shit. My sister's kid went to that. Little Manga faggot.”

“No, it's 52. Area 51 is just full of old Pan Am jets and mini disc players and shit.”

“No shit.”

“Holy shit! It's the space faggots that dinged the fuck-mobile!”

“Shame. I get it from the military. This is the shit that killed Dylan.”

“Oh shit! Hey, wake up.

to discharge excrement; defecate

Unpleasant

Surprised

The worst one

Bad thing

Curse

Bad Things

Curse

(34)

Wake up. We fell asleep.”

“You better be right about this, Zoil. I'm getting a little tired of this shit.”

“Anyway, if there is a God, didn't he create doctors and hospitals and scalpels and shit, so he wouldn't have to go round fixing people's lazy eyeballs?”

“Holy shit!”

“Shit!”

“I don't give a shit who's in command. Where' my fucking mooncoon?!”

“Shit!”

“Oh shit.”

Bad Thing

Angry

Disgusting

Bad thing

Angry

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Curse

3. Gonna “Aren’t you gonna get it?”

“Oh come on. Who's gonna believe anything she says?”

“Tell me you're gonna kill that thing, Mr. Zoil. Kill it for what it is.”

“The Lord ain't gonna fix nothing sweetheart.”

“And you were just gonna take off?”

“Papa said the Lord would fix it. Guess that's not gonna happen, seeing as we're living in a gigantic godless universe, with no hope of salvation.”

“There is no way this thing isn't gonna end happy.”

going to (in informal pronunciation)

going to

4. Rubbish “No, it’s rubbish” Refuse; garbage.

Worthless material.

Foolish discourse; nonsense

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5. Tits “Tough tits four eyes” “I never noticed the third tit.”

a common small bird found in the northern half of the world

Female Breast

6. Good egg “Good egg, wasn’t he?” A good person,

someone to be trusted;

A friend.

7. Colossus “Give it to colossus” The original

colossus was an enormous statue that was supposed to have guarded the ancient Greek island and city of Rhodes. Now, though, we use the noun colossus

for someone of huge importance, reputation, or influence.

Embarrassingly big object. Can only be used when in the presence of the object, so the owner or object itself can hear, yet not understand the context.

8. Ladies man “Ladies man, huh?” A man who the

ladies love, easy to talk to, or love being around. A man who has the respect of them and well doesn't need to kiss and tell, they do it for him.

A man who is able to pleasure women in most any manner

9. Pens “You got enough pens?” a long thin object

used for writing or drawing with ink

Amount of penny

10. Fat coke “I’ll have a fat coke please?” Coca-Cola,

opposite of Diet Coke

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“Oh you man a FAT Coke.”

11. Eat brain “I wanted to find out if he

actually eats the brain.”

Eat or consume the brain

giving head

12. Rendering. “We have a great story and

as usual your renderings jump from the page”

the act or an instance of performing a play, piece of music, etc

Graphics

application which are able to produce photorealistic images.

13. Jump page “We have a great story and

as usual your renderings jump from the page”

The Jump' in online media refers to a large block of inline advertising separating a page

of text.

A Web page to to gather user information in a survey.

14. Awesome “Three tits. Awesome.” inspiring or

displaying awe.

excellent or outstanding

15. Sick “That’s sick.” Suffering from or

affected with a physical illness; ailing.

completely wrong.

16. Sweat “Don’t sweat it.” liquid that forms

on your skin when you are hot

worry about something.

17. Sleeper “It’s sleeper.” a person, animal,

or thing that sleeps

regular sedans or any other vehicle that was not meant to be a performance vehicle.

18. Nuts “Are you nuts?”

“So forgive me if I seem a little rattled but from where I’m standing it would appear you are trading nut

knowledge with an alien life

1) What a squirrel eats

2) What a cannibal eats (Ouch)

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form.

19. Junk “My office is full of junk.” Discarded

material, such as glass, rags, paper, or metal, some of which may be reused in some form.

Useless rubbish

20. Prancing

Pony

“It was like the prancing pony in there.”

An inn at the centre of the village of Bree.

the act of a guy giving his girl anal sex and holding her while prancing around as a Pony

21. Cool “They think they’re so cool.” Neither warm nor

very cold; moderately cold

Very good, stylish

22. Hell “Hell yes.”

“Where the hell did you go?”

“Where the hell do you think you're going?”

“Zoil, what the hell's going on?”

“Who the hell is this?”

A situation or place of evil, misery, discord, or destruction: Agreement Anger Impatience Anger Disgust.

23. Storm “Shall we try and storm the

citadel before we nod off?”

An atmospheric disturbance manifested in strong winds accompanied by Destroy angrily

(39)

rain, snow, or other

precipitation and often by thunder and lightning. A wind with a speed from 64 to 73 miles (from 103 to 117

kilometers)...

24. Java “Java. Straight up.” A trademark used

for a programming language designed to develop applications, especially ones for the Internet, that can operate on different platforms.

Coffee.

25. Solids “Any solids?” Of definite shape

and volume; not liquid or gaseous. Firm or compact in substance.

The worst part of doing engineering

26. Chewie Seat “Now, get that ‘-joe’ on the

go and jump in the chewie seat.”

Chewie is the Australian slang of chewie gum.

Easy seat or chair.

27. Loo “That way.. I could take over

if you needed the loo.”

A card game in which each player contributes stakes to a pool.

A toilet.

28. Cerebro “Least I’ve got Cerebro, eh?” Brain; cerebrum:

cerebroside.

A cock like creature usually black and white

29. Wreck “Thank god, I’m a wreck

until I’ve had my first cup of

The accidental destruction of a

(40)

J.” ship at sea. cranky, angry

30. Hitchhiking “What about that old man on

crutches we saw hitchhiking?”

The method of transport/lifestyle in which a person or group of people stand by a major motorway and wait for a free ride.

Gay sex

31. Whaddya “Well whaddya know? Small

world.”

Short for "What do you".

What do you

32. Malt “Can I have an E.T malt

please?”

A word for girl or woman usually fit in the eyes of chavs.

cheap or nasty beer, such as forty.

33. Bangstick “Dear, coon, beaver,

whatever steps in front of the bangstick, right jake?”

a specialized firearm used underwater that is fired when in direct contact with the target.

A cock or a dick.

34. Wee “I still need a wee” very small; tiny Short time

35. Prick “No, I’m speaking English

you prick.”

A guy's dick A total asshole,

jerk.

36. Gotta “The RV’s gotta be back in 2

days.”

“You gotta tap “em and if they don’t open you throw them away”.

“Yeah I gotta take this man.”

“Maybe. I gotta tell ya. It's at

Slang form of ‘got to’

(41)

times like these you wonder if the intelligent design crowd aren't onto something.”

“You gotta talk the talk, right?”

“I gotta go.”

37. Fuck off “Yeah, now let’s get clover

field onto the recreational vehicle and get the fuck off MacArthur’s black mile.”

A message used by the hand that is a direct insult to another person.

Anger

38. Bogie “Norad would have picked

up a bogie.”

One of several wheels or supporting and aligning rollers inside the tread of a tractor or tank.

Cigarette

39. Bastard “I’d bet my left nut that little

bastard’s hitched a ride”

A child born without married parents.

Crook, rascal

40. Letterman “You’re going to handle this

personally, Zoil. I want this wrapped up before

letterman.”

A secondary or college student who has earned a letter in a

particular activity, especially a varsity sport.

Having sex with a coworker or subordinate.

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insane thinks he/she is always correct and will not listen to anyone even if their obviously wrong. It’s so bad that the person would do extreme things or ignore everyone just so they keep their opinion. that being said if they are right their then called a genius if their wrong their called insane.

really crazy.

42. Wormhole “How could he possibly have

travelled that distance? Wormhole.”

A hole made by a burrowing worm.

faster than light travel,

43. Balls “Balls! Graham, this isn’t

what it seems.”

an object with a spherical shape

Anger, disgust.

44. G’day mate “Ah. G’day mate.” An austrailian

greeting between males.

Good day

45. Whatcha “Whatcha doin’ in the US

fellas?”

Slang term used for "What are you..."

What are you

46. Doin’ “Whatcha doin’ in the US

fellas?”

Word to define beating someone in Scotland. Most commonly used by neds in Glasgow, who usually just use

(43)

the word as a threat rather than carrying out the act

47. Pissy Jeans “Just some pissy jeans.” angry, or in a bad

mood, especially in the way that you behave toward someone

Weak, feeble jeans

48. Hitch Hiker “No, what’s weird, graham is

that we have picked up an extra terrestrial hitch hiker and you seem completely fine with it!”

when you fart and it travels on your crack and pops out the top of the anus or the opposite direction going up next to your testicles

Person who do gay sex

49. Fuck “I know, fucking stupid, isn’t

it?”

“It’s the fucking V guys again.”

“Fucking borg”

“Fuck, that made me jump.”

“Arrghh, what the fuck?!”

“I'm fucking with you, man. I was on a science mission actually.”

“Holy shit! It's the space

to have sex Regret

Annoying

Anger

Anger, surprised

Piss off

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faggots that dinged the fuck-mobile!”

“Fuck you!”

“That doesn't matter. Don't you see? You're real. I was right and all those folk that said I was crazy? Well, they can all go fuck themselves.”

“Fuck a duck! Get out!”

“Not a fucking cent”

“I don't give a shit who's in command. Where' my fucking mooncoon?!”

“Jesus Christ, Zoil, this has been one fuck up after another. I should have handled it myself.”

“You've never made a mistake in your life. That's why I put you in charge of this fucking mission.”

“Too bad, seeing as I'm the one hold'ng all the cards and when I say "cards", I of course mean big fucking

Anger

Curse

Angry

(45)

gun.”

“Come here you fucking geeks.”

“Yeah. Now let's get Cloverfield onto the recreational vehicle and get the fuck off MacArthur's Black Mile.”

“Holy shit! It's the space faggots that dinged the fuck-mobile!”

“I want that little fucker's brain in a jar by sundown.”

“Well, they can all go fuck themselves.”

Annoy

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50. Kickin’ Back

“Oh you know, kickin’ back, shooting the shit.”

Relaxing, doing nothing, enjoying yourself, having a few, chilling out, Aussie origin.

Kicking back

51. Gotcha “What? Jelly. Gotcha. Comes from, "I

'got' you." Which is an alternative for, "I understand you." Or, "I will comply."

Got you

52. Bagel “Bagel time!!!!” A glazed,

ring-shaped roll with a tough, chewy texture, made from plain yeast dough that is dropped briefly into nearly boiling water and then baked.

A jewish snack

53. Nerds “Just a big RV driven by a

couple of nerds.”

The most

dangerous people in the entire world. Nerds have invented machine guns, assault rifles, armor piercing ammunition, high

a boring or unpopular person

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explosives, napalm, tanks, anti-personnel mines, torpedoes, cannons, surface-to-air missiles, fighter aircraft, bombers, submarines, destroyers, battleships, aircraft carriers, chemical and biological weapons, nuclear bombs, and ICBMs

54. Goddamnit “Goddamnit, it knew we

should have gone ahead with invasion in “44.”

“Now wait a goddamn minute!”

Goddamnit originated from Spain where it meant something like, "horsecock" or "damned be thy son". None knows how, or why, it has been common in the English language.

Curse, angry

55. Faggot “Holy shit! It's the space

faggots”

“Little Manga faggot.”

“Holy shit! It's the space faggots that dinged the fuck-mobile!”

Small bread-battered pieces of meat or fish.

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56. Geek “What a geek.”

“It was pretty easy once we got a fix on the geek-mobile.”

“Looks like the geek shall inherit the earth.”

“Come here you fucking geeks.”

A video game fanatic

Abnormal person

Weird mobile

Abnormal person

57. Horseshit Horseshit! Paranoid

expression

58. Baby “These the "˜friends' you told

us about, baby?”

“Evolution baby.”

“Baby, where we're going, you won't need teeth.”

a very young child that cannot yet walk or talk

darling; honey

59. Freak “Man, that way was one fat

freak!”

“Aaarrrggghhhh! My

Freakin' Hair!”

a sudden fancy; odd notion; whim

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60. Ya “Maybe. I gotta tell ya.”

“Hey Graham. Check this out. Whatd'ya think?”

yes The slang form of

‘you’

61. Fatty “What's new, fatty?” a fat person A girl with a fat

ass that looks good.

62. Balls “PAUL summons a phlegm

ball with a grotesque snort and spits it onto the floor of the RV.”

“CLIVE reaches down and picks up PAUL's phlegm ball.”

“I asked him why he wore shorts and he said if he didn't I'd see his big spaceman balls.”

“You're not still talking about his balls, are you?”

any round, or spherical, object; sphere; globe

a testicle

63. Kinda “You should get that fixed

up. Reckon you'd be kinda pretty in the right light.”

Kinda is used by people that are afraid to commit to a simple yes or

Short for "kind of"

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“Well it was, kinda.”

“I just kinda retreated into myself.”

no answer.

64. Game “I'm game.” any form of play

or way of playing; amusement; recreation; sport; frolic; play

Able to seducing someone

65. Skedaddle “Come on. Let's skedaddle.

You want anything Ruth?”

to run off or away; leave in a hurry

Make haste

66. Hot “I'd look pretty hot, right?” having a high

temperature, esp. one that is higher than that of the human body

sexually attractive

67. Bunch “Thanks a bunch, Hurley.”

“Then a bunch of army guys come along and cart me off to Area 52.”

a cluster or tuft of things growing together

Many or much

68. Bingo “Bingo! Fortunately,

someone was kind enough to give me the heads up, if you'll pardon the pun.”

a gambling game played with cards having rows of numbered squares, no two cards being

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numbered alike: players use markers to cover the numbered squares on their cards

corresponding to numbers drawn by lot, and the player who first gets a row covered is the winner

69. Ewok “Comic-Con 2005. Ewok

chick.”

“She was an Ewok!”

“There are only two types of person small enough to fit inside an Ewok costume.”

To ruin an otherwise excellent film by introducing a cheesy element which attempts to cater to the director's children

made famous by star wars: return of the jedi

70. Sausage “Now's not really the time,

Sausage.”

“You tired, Sausage?”

“Don't call me Sausage in front of him.”

“Sure. Just not Sausage.”

pork or other meat, chopped fine, highly seasoned, and either stuffed into membranous casings of varying size, as bologna or salami, or made into patties for cooking

annoying male

71. Wet “We're still waiting on a wet moistened,

covered, or

(52)

fries.” saturated with water or other liquid

insipid.

72. Blood “Blood?! Oh my god, I hate

needles.”

“Bloody low grade Turkish alloy.”

the usually red fluid, consisting of plasma, red and white blood cells, etc.,

Angry

73. Mum “Sounds like a good Mum.”

“Mummy, I am bushed.”

“He always knew what was going on in Buffy before me because his mum had cable.”

The British, Australian, New Zealand and South African equivalent to the American and Canadian Mom.

mother

74. Catch “Catch you later, Keith

Nash.”

To capture, seize, take or hold etc.

See later or goodbye

75. Y’ “He likes you, y'know?”

“I've only just stopped believing in you, y'know? Spent a very long time trying to convince folk about what happened that night.”

Short form of ‘Why’

The slang form of ‘you’.

(53)

76. Freeze “Freeze, space monkey!” to be or become very cold

To stop moving.

77. Mother

fucker

“I don't wanna hear from either of you jokers until that little mother fucker is under glass.”

Is a noun that can represent any person place or thing.

Express Angry

78. Bitch “Son of a bitch!”

“You stupid son of a bitch. In five years, you could have been where I am.”

the female of the dog, wolf, fox, etc.

Annoying and whining female.

79. Bulb “This is a self-sustaining

light orb. Might come in handy, you know, if a bulb goes.”

“The bulb's gone in there.”

“We need bulb for the toilet.”

“Might come in handy, you know, if a bulb goes.”

an underground bud that sends down roots and consists of a very short stem covered with leafy scales or layers, as in a lily, onion or hyacinth

an enlargement on some tissues, organs, or tubes, as at the root of a hair

80. Goblin “I...I never meant to shoot

her. I was aiming for the goblin.”

an evil or mischievous spirit, often represented in pictures as humanlike and

Class of gangster above a goon. Rich, powerful, yet still from the hood.

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“He's not a goblin he's from another planet.”

ugly or misshapen in form

81. Dude “Whatever dude.” a man too much

concerned with his clothes and appearance; dandy; fop

any man or boy

In the movie script is found 81 slang words. From the table above, it can be seen the differences of meaning in the lexical and contextual meaning.

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After finding the lexical and contextual meaning of each slang words and phrases, it will be classified into type of semantic change.

4.1.2 Type of Semantic change

No. Slang

Type of Semantic Change Generali

zation

Speciali zation

Pejoration Amelio ration

1 Damn 

2 Shit 

3 Gonna 

4 Rubbish 

5 Tits 

6 Good egg 

7 Colossus 

8 Ladies man 

9 Pens 

10 Fat coke 

11 Eat brain 

12 Rendering. 

13 Jump page 

14 Awesome 

15 Sick 

16 Sweat 

17 Sleeper 

18 Nuts 

19 Junk 

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21 Cool 

22 Hell 

23 storm 

24 Java 

25 Solids 

26 Chewie Seat 

27 Loo 

28 Cerebro 

29 Wreck 

30 Hitchhiking 

31 Whaddya 

32 Malt 

33 Bangstick 

34 Wee 

35 Prick 

36 Gotta 

37 Fuck off 

38 Bogie 

39 Bastard 

40 Letterman 

41 Fucking insane 

42 Wormhole 

43 Balls 

44 G’day mate 

45 Whatcha 

46 Doin’ 

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48 Hitch Hiker 

49 Fuck 

50 Kickin’ Back 

51 Gotcha 

52 Bagel 

53 Nerds 

54 Goddamnit 

55 Faggot 

56 Geek 

57 Horseshit 

58 Baby 

59 Freak 

60 Ya 

61 Fatty 

62 Balls 

63 Kinda 

64 Game 

65 Skedaddle 

66 Hot 

67 Bunch 

68 Bingo 

69 Ewok 

70 Sausage 

71 Wet 

72 Blood 

73 Mum 

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75 Y’ 

76 Freeze 

77 Mother fucker 

78 Bitch 

79 Bulb 

80 Goblin 

81 Dude 

According to Palmer (1981: 8-9), there are four types of semantic change. Based on Table 4.2.1, there are four kinds of changes in meaning that has been passed by those American Slangs in “Paul” movie, namely generalization, pejoration, specialization and specialization. Based on the result, it is found all of the processes will be explained more detail in the following:

4.2.1 Generalization

Generalization happens when the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts. The range of its meaning increases, so that the word can be used in various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one. The example of this process are the slang words baby and bastard.

a. Baby (Noun)

When we investigate the etymology of the word, actually its origin has meaning “infant.” Now the meaning of baby means “infant” and in the sense of slang it is used especially as “a form of address expressing affection for a young woman, young wife, lover, etc.

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The meaning of the slang word bastard also has changed in the meaning. Before its meaning broadens to “contemptible person”, it has origin meaning “illegitimate child.”

4.2.2 Specialization

Specialization occurs when the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class. The range of its meaning is decreased, so that a word can be used only in fewer contexts than before is reshaped under the pressure of another word that had frequently co-occurred with it. The example of this process is the slang words prick.

a. Prick

The word prick has origin meaning “a very small puncture or, formerly, dot, made by a sharp point”. Then the meaning of the word is narrowed and become a person, esp. a man, regarded as contemptible, obnoxious.

b. The other slang that has passed specialization is tits. The origin meaning of this word refers to “any small projection like teat”. However, then the word tits passed the process of specialization and the meaning narrows from before. In standard usage, it refers to ”nipple”. In the slang sense, it refers to “breast”.

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4.2.3 Pejoration

Pejoration is a process by which a word meaning is worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it originally did. The slang word that has passed this process is pens and faggot.

a. Pens

The word pens is middle English that has origin meaning “a small yard or enclosure for domestic animals.” Then the meaning degenerates or worsen and become “a penitentiary”.

b. Faggot

The word faggot has origin meaning “bundle of sticks.” Then, the meaning of the word broadens through the process of generalization and also degenerates through the process of pejoration to become “homo sexual men” as slang.

4.2.4 Amelioration

It is a process by which the meaning of word improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally refers to. The American slang that have passed this process is bitch.

a. Bitch

The origin of the word bitch is from old English. It has meaning “female animals, especially dogs.” Now the meaning of the term broadens to “female” and “girlfriend” in the slang sense.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the writer found that the lexical meaning and contextual meaning is always has different meaning. Referring to the problems of the study, the lexical meaning of slangs found in Paul movie script is the meaning which commonly assigned in dictionary. We can easily understand the meaning of slangs used in the movie script written by Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, by referring to lexical meaning in the dictionary where the slangs defined lexically or based on the dictionary.

The most important thing in understanding slang is not only based on the dictionary, but also on the context where slang is used. In analyzing slang contextually is more difficult than lexically because the meaning of slang contextually is not always clear, it is implicit and we have to interpret its meaning. Sometimes, the meaning of slang relates to the sense or feeling.

After identify all of slang words and phrase, the researcher found that there are 81 slang words used in “PAUL” movie script. And the most dominant slang word used in Paul movie script is “Fuck” followed by other words, damn, shit and gonna. Among them, some of the American slangs refer to the same thing. It means that the vocabulary of the American slang is quite various to define one thing. Although they are various, we still should be careful in using them because not each of them is properly used in all situations. Furthermore some of them bring negative effect so it

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can hurt ones feeling. Slang is informal words used by a particular social group and has the positive and negative meaning; the meaning depends on the context. Based on palmer’s theory for the type of semantic change, it is found there are four classifications: Generalization, Specialization, Pejoration and Amelioration.

From the classification above, type of Generalization is more dominant for the slang words in “PAUL” movie script. And Amelioration is the less dominant happen for the slang words. There are 55 slang words which is classified as Generalization (67,9%), 11 as Specialization (13,5%), 14 Pejoration (17,3%), and 1 Amelioration (1,2%).

5.2 Suggestion

Slang is interesting to learn and to analyze especially in the movie. So, the writer would like to suggest the reader especially the students of English Department to learn more about slang because it is important to study and to understand meaning of slang. The researcher also hopes that this study can give a contribution for the readers, especially the students who are interested in semantic study. Furthermore, it is hoped for further researchers to conduct similar themes of this study, which not only focuses on meaning and type of semantic change but also on the other aspect of semantic.

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Ayto, John. 1998. the Oxford Dictionary of Slang. New York: Oxford University Press.

Britanica Encyclopedia Vol 20. 1959. USA: William Benton.

Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Leksikologi & Leksikografi Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.

Chaika, Elaine. 1982. Language the Social Mirror. Massachusetts: Melburry Crystal, David. 1991. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetic. Cambridge : Basil

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Nick Frost

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For Australian Olympic swimmer, see Nic Ffrost.

Nick Frost

Frost at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2010.

Born

Nicholas John Frost 28 March 1972 (age 40)

Dagenham, East London, England

Occupation Actor, comedian Years active 1989–present Spouse Christina Frost

Nicholas John "Nick" Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his work with Edgar Wright in the role of Mike Watt in the television comedy Spaced, as well as Ed in Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in Hot Fuzz, Clive Gollings in Paul, and drug dealer Ron in Attack

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the Block. He is also well known for his various roles in the sketch show Man Stroke Woman.

Early life and career

Frost was born in Dagenham, East London, the son of office furniture designers.[1] He attended Beal High School in Ilford. He worked as a waiter and appeared in corporate training video clips such as Chris Carter and the Coverplan Challenge, a Dixons sales video, before gaining fame as Tim's army-obsessed best friend Mike in the British comedy series Spaced, which was written by Simon Pegg and Jessica Hynes and aired on Channel 4 for two series. In 2001, Frost played a small role in a one-off episode of Victoria Wood's Acorn Antiques. This was a specially written episode shown during the series called "The Sketch Show Story" that Victoria narrated, in which Frost played an armed robber who shot dead Acorn Antiques' most lovable character, Mrs Overall.

In 2002, Frost wrote and presented the show Danger! 50,000 Volts!, a spoof of the outdoors survival genre in which SAS experts or the like demonstrated how to improvise solutions to dangerous problems. In the same year, Frost co-wrote and starred in The Sofa of Time with Matt King. In 2004, he appeared in Shaun of the Dead, a "romantic zombie comedy", written by Simon Pegg and Spaced director Edgar Wright. In late 2005, Frost starred in the comedy sketch show Man Stroke Woman on BBC Three. A second series of Man Stroke Woman aired on BBC Three in early 2007. In early 2006, Frost played Commander Henderson in two series of the BBC Two science fiction sitcom, Hyperdrive. Also in 2006, he acted in Kinky Boots. Frost had a small appearance in the British comedy Look Around You, a parody of 1970s/1980s technology parodying the format of shows like Tomorrow's World.

Frost and Pegg appeared in a second Pegg-Wright feature film called Hot Fuzz, an action and cop genre homage, set in Gloucestershire. Frost plays bumbling Constable Danny Butterman, who partners up with Pegg's dynamic Nicholas Angel after the latter is transferred from the Metropolitan Police in London. The pair teamed up again for the 2011 sci-fi film Paul, whose storyline concerned a fugitive alien. The two also starred in Steven Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the

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Unicorn as Thomson and Thompson. Frost narrates the Channel 4 reality show Supernanny and has made fleeting appearances in the Channel 4 surreal medical comedy series Green Wing, as "just a man" in pub scenes (when Boyce asks who he is, he responds, "just a man").

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Paul (2011/I) More at IMDbPro

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Two sci-fi geeks take a pilgrimage to America's UFO heartland. While there, they accidentally meet an alien who brings them on an insane road trip that alters their universe forever. For the past 60 years, an alien named Paul (voiced by Seth Rogen) has been hanging out at a top-secret military base. When he discovers he's been taken prisoner, the space-traveling smart ass decides to escape the compound and hop on the first vehicle out of town - a rented RV containing Earthlings Graeme Willy (Simon Pegg) and Clive Gollings (Nick Frost). Chased by federal agents and the fanatical father of a young woman that they accidentally kidnap, Graeme and Clive hatch a fumbling escape plan to return Paul to his mother ship. And as two nerds struggle to help, one little green man might just take his fellow outcasts from misfits to intergalactic heroes. Written by Universal Pictures

Graeme and Clive are English sci-fi nerds, on holiday in the U.S. After Comic-Con in San Diego, then rent an RV and head for places where UFOs have been sighted. Near Roswell, they witness a car crash and come face to face with a small green creature, who calls himself Paul. He wants their help to escape the pursuit of government agents, who have held him captive for more than 60 years. Thus begins an odyssey peppered with alien movie clichés; the story includes a one-eyed fundamentalist Christian and her gun-toting dad, inept FBI agents and their implacable supervisor - plus his control. All roads lead to Wyoming where the story started in 1947. Written by <jhailey@hotmail.com>

British nerds and aspirant comic-book writers Graeme Willy and Clive Gollings travel to the Comic-Con in San Diego, California, to see their idol, Adam Shadowchild, among other sci-fi attractions. While driving to the Area 51, Nevada, on a road trip through UFO-land, they meet alien, Paul, who asks for help to reach Area 51. They learn that Paul was captured by the military in 1947, in Wyoming, and kept prisoner in a base as part of a top-secret project. Paul has contacted his spacecraft that will rescue him, but now he is being chased by federal agents, led by Agent Zoil. When they stop in a trailer area, they abduct the religious Ruth Buggs, who changes her religious perspective to the scientific point of view and decides to join Graeme and Clive to help Paul. But their journey to Nevada with the agents chasing them is dangerous. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In 2009, Graeme Willy and Clive Gollings (Simon Pegg and Nick Frost) are two English comic book nerds and best friends who have travelled to America to attend the annual Comic-Con convention in San Diego, California. Afterwards, the two take a road trip in their rented RV to visit all the sites of major extraterrestrial importance in the southwest USA. At one stop in Arizona, Graeme and Clive visit the Little A'Le'Inn where two hunters confront them, assuming they might be homosexual. In a hurried leave, Clive accidentally reverses the RV into the hunters' truck, leaving a dent.

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Later that evening, Graeme and Clive see headlights racing up behind them and, believing it to be the hunters, they speed off in their RV. Eventually, the vehicle catches up and they realize it's just a car. However, the car suddenly wrecks up right in front of them, and rolls off the highway. When Graeme and Clive investigate the crash, they meet and discover an alien named Paul (voiced by Seth Rogen) who is in desperate need of their help.

Although shocked by the appearance of Paul, Graeme agrees to give Paul a ride, but Clive is not happy about the idea. Later, Lorenzo Zoil (Jason Bateman), a shady government agent, arrives at the site of the crashed car and informs his mysterious female superior over the radio that he's closing in on Paul, and she recommends using local law enforcement as back-up. Zoil then recruits two inept FBI agents, Haggard (Bill Hader) and O'Reilly (Joe Lo Truglio), to aid in his mission, without telling them the nature of their target.

Graeme, Clive and Paul pull into a motor park run by Ruth Buggs (Kristen Wiig), a creationist Christian, and her abusive and controlling father, Moses (John Carroll Lynch). The trio bond around their campgrill, and Paul reveals that, ever since he was captured by the government, he had been advising them in all manner of scientific and sociological achievements, including giving Steven Spielberg the idea for E.T. and inventing the character of Fox Mulder. However, he discovered that he had outlived his usefulness as a receptacle of knowledge, and the government was now intending to surgically remove Paul's brain in an attempt to harness his abilities. With help from a friend inside Area 51, Paul sent an S.O.S. to his home planet, and his people are now en route to pick him up. The government pushed up the schedule for Paul's surgery, however, prompting his rapid escape.

The next morning, Paul inadvertently reveals himself to Ruth, and the trio are forced to kidnap her and make a hasty escape. Paul then shatters Ruth's faith by sharing his knowledge of the universe via telepathic link; at first horrified, Ruth suddenly becomes eager to sin, which her father had raised her to fear doing. She initially doesn't trust Paul, but he heals her eye, as she has been blind in it since the age of four.

Meanwhile, Zoil, Haggard, and O'Reilly talk to Ruth's father, who claims she was abducted by a 'demon'. Haggard finds a drawing of Paul that Graeme did, and becomes suspicious of Zoil's motives, especially after he accidentally overhears Zoil reporting to his mysterious supervisor over the radio. When Graeme, Clive and Ruth encounter the same pair of hunters from earlier, and are saved by Paul, Haggard later has his suspicions confirmed by showing the hunters Graeme's drawing, which elicits a fearful response.

Whilst stopping in a small town, O'Reilly accidentally encounters Paul in a comic book shop, prompting the foursome to flee. When Haggard and O'Reilly tell Zoil what they saw, he pulls a gun on them, and orders them to return to headquarters, before going after the RV on his own. Contrary to his orders, however, the two FBI agents follow Zoil in the same direction.

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Eventually, Paul reveals his intention to return to the girl whose dog he crashed his ship on in 1947 and who subsequently saved his life, who is now an old woman, Tara Walton (Blythe Danner). After spending her life being ridiculed for what she said she saw, Tara seems grateful to see that Paul simply exists. She turns her gas cooker on to make tea, but is interrupted by Haggard and O'Reilly on one side of the house, and Zoil on the other. As the motley crew escapes and drives off with Paul, O'Reilly shoots at them, and the gas ignites, destroying the house. A winded Zoil tries to follow, but Haggard takes off first, running Moses (who'd also been tracking the RV) off the road, and catching up to the RV. However, thanks to an error of judgement, Haggard accidentally drives off a cliff, and is killed, leaving Zoil in hot pursuit. He reassures his superior that he'll have Paul within an hour, but she declares herself tired of waiting, and informs Zoil that she's ordered a military response, prompting Zoil to shoot his radio.

When Paul, Graeme, Clive, Ruth and Tara arrive at the rendezvous, they set off a signal and wait. Eventually, eerie orange lights show up over the surrounding trees, and everyone believes that it is Paul's race. However, it is an army helicopter, with 'the Big Guy' (Sigourney Weaver) on board, Zoil's shadowy superior. As she and three troops move to shoot Paul, Zoil arrives, and it's revealed that he was Paul's inside contact who had helped him to escape. Zoil disarms the men, but is shot in the shoulder. Tara punches out 'the Big Guy', but Moses appears with a shotgun and shoots Graeme dead. Paul heals him, but inflicts the damage to himself (a possible side effect of his healing powers mentioned earlier in the film). Paul then collapses, exhausted. For a while, the other characters stand around his apparently lifeless body sprawled on the grass. Then, coughing, Paul props himself up, having healed himself. 'The Big Guy' regains consciousness, but is immediately crushed by the arriving alien ship. Paul begins to depart and informs Tara that she is going with him to live a better life and bids farewell to his friends hoping to meet them again one day.

Two years later. Graeme, Clive, and Ruth are shown again at a comic convention, promoting their new mega-successful comic book, "Paul". O'Reilly is also shown to have survived the house explosion.

Semantic Analysis of Slang Used In Paul Movie Script