AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN BY YOUNG SASAK
AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
(09360229)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
(09360229)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
Motto and Dedication
Motto
Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile
-Albert Einstein-
Dedication
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved parents
Tilarsa and Mahrim
My sisters
Sulhaeri and Sukmawati
My brother
M. Isnaeni
My little heroes
Syajaratuddur, Neil Muktadir, Teguh Imam Askari, Syakira Azima,
Aqil Muzhaffar Kirom
All my comrades
For all supports and prayer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘Alamin, all praise and worship is bestowed to Allah
SWT who has been giving the writer blessing and mercy so he can finish this thesis
without any obstacles. Shalawat and Salam be with the prophet Muhammad SAW
who has guided the mankind into the right path of Islam.
This research will not be finished without help and guidance from the people
around the writer. The writer would like to thank to his parents; Tilarsa and Mahrim
who always bestowed their support, advice, and prayer in conducting this research.
The greatest grateful is always bestowed from the writer to his advisors; Mr. Dian
Arsitades, M.Pd and Ms. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd who have patiently guided him in
finishing this thesis.
The last gratitude is bestowed to all friends who have participated in this
research until this research is finished without any obstacles; Abdurrahman Wahid
and Rasyid Rido who have always accompanied the writer during observation and
those who are not able to be mentioned.
This thesis is submitted to fulfill the requirement to achieve Bachelor Degree
of English Department. The writer hopes this thesis could be beneficial for
educational purpose in Indonesia, especially in sociolinguistics field of study.
Malang, October 2013
Ahmad Zulkhiadi
TABLES OF CONTENTS
LEGALIZATION ………………………………………………………. i
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ………………………………………… ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………. v
CHAPTER I
1.1 Background of Study ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ......................................................................... 5
1.3 Research Objctive ............................................................................... 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation ......................................................................... 6
1.5 Significant of the Research ................................................................ 6
1.7 Key terms ............................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II
2.1 Sociolinguistics Studies ....................................................................... 8
2.2 Relation between Language and Society ........................................... 10
2.3 Sex and Gender Understanding ......................................................... 13
2.4 Language and Gender ........................................................................ 14
2.5 Terms of Address in Gender .............................................................. 17
CHAPTER III
3.1 Research Design ................................................................................... 19
3.2 Research Subject ................................................................................. 20
3.3 Research Instrument .......................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis ................................................... 22
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Findings ..............................................................................................
23
4.1.1 The Terms of Address Used to Indicate the Difference
of Gender Spoken by Young Sasak Society ........................ 23
4.1.2 The Structure of Terms of Address Used to Indicate the
Difference of Gender Spoken by Young Sasak Society........
25
CHAPTER V
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 29
5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................ 29
Refference ………………………………………………………………...
Appendix ...................................................................................................
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education, 8th Edition. Wadsworth.
USA. Retrieved from:
http://mousavia24.persiangig.com/document/Introduction%20to%20Researc
h%20in%20Education%208th%20Edition%202010.pdf/download 20 March
2013
Bogdan, Robert C. and Sari Knopp Biklen. 2003. Qualitative Research in Education:
an Introduction to Theory and Methods, Fourth Edition. Pearson Education
Group. Boston. Retrieved from:
https://apps.lis.illinois.edu/wiki/download/attachments/4366000/Field+notes
.pdf on 20 March 2013
Bordens, S. Kenneth and Bruce B. Abbott. 2011. Research Design and Methods: A
Process Approach, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill. New York. Retrieved
from:
http://www.onlinecef.net/file.php/1/CEF_Resources/Research%2520%2520
Method/__Research_Design_and_Methods__A_Process_Approach.pdf on
20 March 2013
Departemen SKPM IPB. 2013. Definisi, Konsep dan Kerangka Analisis Gender.
Retrieved from: http://skpm.ipb.ac.id/definisi-gender/ on 05 November 2013
Department of Economic and Social Affair of the United Nation. 2004. World Youth
Report 2003. United Nation Publication. New York. Retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/worldyouthreport.pdf
Downes, William. 1998. Language and Society 2nd Edition. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge. Retrieved from:
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnel-Ginet. 2003. Language and Gender.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Norman E. Wallen. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York
Jaelani, Lalu Muhammad. 2007. Menelusuri Asal Usul Suku Sasak. Retrieved from:
http://lalumuhamadjaelani.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/menelusuri-asal-usulsuku-sasak/ on 20 March 2013
Jendra, Made I. Irawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics The Study of Societies’ Languages.
Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu
Nordquist,
Richard.
2006.
Term
of
Address.
Retrieved
from:
http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/termofaddressterm.htm on 25 July 2013
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition).
Blackwell
Publishing.
UK.
Retrieved
from:
http://abudira.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/an_introduction_to_sociolinguis
tics__blackwell_textbooks_in_linguistics_.pdf on 20 March 2013
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language Fourth Edition. Cambridge University
Press.
Cambridge.
Retrieved
from:
http://staff.neu.edu.tr/~dpopescu/Cambridge.The.Study.Of.Language.4th.Ed
ition.Apr.2010.eBook-ELOHiM.pdf on 20 March 2013
Zainab, Siti. 2008. Sasak.. the Unique Culture of Lombok. Retrieved from:
http://www.baliadvertiser.biz/articles/letter_lombok/2008/sasak.html. on 05
September 2013
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
Every culture in every region has its own language, it is a means for
communication. Language can become the bridge for every people to connect to
the cross regional culture. By using language, one can collect the knowledge,
gather the information, express feeling, emotion, and intimateness.
Nowadays, the people are spread out in cross regional culture, that makes
people have to know the language used in order to avoid the misunderstanding
between one speaker to the other speakers. This study is focused in introducing
the Sasak language used especially the terms of address which varied between
males and females. This study also will build the high consciousness of the
existence of language community especially for those who are interested in
learning the connection between language and culture or social.
The researcher realizes that the numbers of Sasak community that takes the
study in Malang is increasing year by year. Based on the students data of
University of Muhammadiyah Malang in 2010, there were 338 students from
Lombok and in 2013, there are 668 students. So, it becomes the attention to
present the reference of Sasak especially Sasak language regarding to the raising
numbers of the students.
Besides, this thesis emphasizes the ethics of speech for people who will visit
Lombok. It would be better if they understand the appropriate addresses in
1
addressing people in order to avoid any misunderstanding with local people. So,
through this thesis, they have reference to it. Based on those reasons, it is
necessary to conduct the research of the terms of address spoken by young Sasak.
The Sasak majority is made up by the population of Lombok Island in West
Nusa Tenggara Province. They live throughout the whole island, but they prefer
to populate closely in a big group in the area in which it is prosperous to engage
rice fields farming in the south of mountain Rinjani. Most of them are farmers,
some are laborers, some are fishermen, and some are craftsmen.
The Sasak is believed as the descendant of Malay race that populates Lombok
for thousands of years. The culture of Sasak is influenced by Javanese and
Balinese culture which spread to both Hindu and Islam to the population.
Nowadays, the Sasak applies many traits and customs similar to Java and Bali,
and the Sasak language has many words adopted from both Javanese and
Balinese. Like other languages, the varieties of Sasak language show the
significant differences between males and females use. (Zainab: 2008)
Sasak language is divided into two language stratification according to the
social class, they are base alus and base jamak. Base jamak is the lowest level
and it is used when addressing someone of the same status, of the same age, or the
lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates e.g. ante
(you for male) and kamu (you for female). Besides, base alus is the highest level
and it is used when addressing a person who is highly respected, such as teachers,
parents, grandparents, noble, etc. The terms used to address people who are
2
respected or have higher class of social are using polite terms of address such as
side or pelinggih (you) for both males and females.
Sasak language is bound to gender use, it shows the very significant
differences in the term which is used to address both social construction; males
and females. Those differences appear in terming male as mame and female as
nine as the example. These differences show the fact that Sasak language is linked
to the gender, and it forces the writer to observe about this phenomenon through
the sociolinguistic study.
Gender is concerned with the social structure or exactly related to the social
behavior. It is built on the childhood behavior and it continues until they have
grown and perform it. When it is combined with sex, the significant differences
are found. Eckert (2003) published that sex is a biological categorization based
primarily on reproductive potential, whereas gender is the social elaboration of
biological sex. Gender is what is built in biological sex, and it strengthens the
difference between biological differences.
Furthermore, Vitayala (2010) in SKPM IPB (2013) stated gender is a concept
which indicates to a role system and its connection between female and male that
are not determined by biological differences, but they are determined by social
range, politic, and economy. Also in SKPM IPB (2013), WHO (2012) defined
gender is a set of role, behavior, activity, and attribute reputed for men and
women which is constructed by social in a community.
3
The social behavior which contains language in it is discussed through
sociolinguistic study. Sociolinguistic is one of the branches of linguistic study. It
discusses the aspect of language used in society. It also discusses language as
social property which is used as property or tools of communication. Jendra
(2010) argued that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as
an object of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax,
semantics, morphology, and phonology handle. It is a field that analyzes language
as part of social property.
Further, Wardhaugh (2006) stated that sociolinguistics is concerned with
investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a
better understanding of the structure of language and of how language functions
in communication. It is obviously clear that sociolinguistics is concerned in
investigating the connection between language and society, how language is
applied in society as a main property of communication.
The use of language may be varied according to the social structure of society.
This
variation
can
be
investigated
through
sociolinguistics
studies.
Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society,
between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of
language live (Spolsky, 1998 in Jendra, 2010).
The fact is shown in the behavior of the society in using language, the relation
between language and society is often shown in variety of ways in using
language. It can be found in phenomena when children speak to their parents,
4
students speak to their teachers, employees speak to their boss, and conversation
which involves inter-sexual (gender) subject. Wardhaugh (2006) stated that social
structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior.
These differences has a direct relationship to language, it is proved by the
form of language which has association related to gender. Language and gender
often shows phenomenon which sometimes it is differently spoken by men or
women. The form of language such as term of address is one of the evidences that
present the varieties of language spoken by males or females, and it is interesting
to be discussed.
1.2. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study above, the problem of this research are:
1.2.1. What are the terms of address used to indicate the difference of gender
spoken by young Sasak society?
1.2.2. How do the terms of address differ in their use in actual conversation?
1.3. Research Objective
The objectives of this research are based on the problem stated above, they
are:
1.3.1. To describe the terms of address used to indicate the difference of
gender spoken by young Sasak society.
1.3.2. To describe how those terms differ in their use in actual conversation.
The conversation involves; male to male, female to female, and male
to female.
5
1.4 Scope and Limitation
In this study, the writer focuses the study on the differences of term of address
used in actual conversation spoken by young males and females that use Sasak
language in the range of 18-25 (eighteen to twenty five) years old.
The limitation of this study is the limited access to males and females that do
the conversation using Sasak language since they are spread out in some
geographical area.
1.5 Significance of the Research
This research is expected to be useful to enrich the knowledge of
sociolinguistics study especially the relation between language and gender which
is applied in the actual conversation. Besides, this research is expected to inform
the readers about:
a. The existence of Sasak language is showing the varieties of language in social
interaction.
b. For English learning, the findings of this study are able to be the comparison
study of current terms of address.
c. This research is hopefully able to be references for the similar analyses of
language and gender on sociolinguistics study, especially for students of
English Department.
1.6 Key Terms
1. Terms of Address is a word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of
these) used in addressing someone. (Nordquist, 2008)
6
2. Gender is a set of role, behavior, activity, and attribute reputed for men and
women which is constructed by social in a community. (WHO, 2012 in
SKPM IPB, 2013)
3. Young people are identified as those between the ages of 15 and 24. But in
many cases such as in terms of economic, employment, and education, the
stable transition could take up to around age 35. (UN, 2004)
7
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
(09360229)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
AN ANALYSIS TO THE DIFFERENT TERMS OF ADDRESS SPOKEN
BY YOUNG SASAK
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
AHMAD ZULKHIADI
(09360229)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
Motto and Dedication
Motto
Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile
-Albert Einstein-
Dedication
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved parents
Tilarsa and Mahrim
My sisters
Sulhaeri and Sukmawati
My brother
M. Isnaeni
My little heroes
Syajaratuddur, Neil Muktadir, Teguh Imam Askari, Syakira Azima,
Aqil Muzhaffar Kirom
All my comrades
For all supports and prayer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘Alamin, all praise and worship is bestowed to Allah
SWT who has been giving the writer blessing and mercy so he can finish this thesis
without any obstacles. Shalawat and Salam be with the prophet Muhammad SAW
who has guided the mankind into the right path of Islam.
This research will not be finished without help and guidance from the people
around the writer. The writer would like to thank to his parents; Tilarsa and Mahrim
who always bestowed their support, advice, and prayer in conducting this research.
The greatest grateful is always bestowed from the writer to his advisors; Mr. Dian
Arsitades, M.Pd and Ms. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd who have patiently guided him in
finishing this thesis.
The last gratitude is bestowed to all friends who have participated in this
research until this research is finished without any obstacles; Abdurrahman Wahid
and Rasyid Rido who have always accompanied the writer during observation and
those who are not able to be mentioned.
This thesis is submitted to fulfill the requirement to achieve Bachelor Degree
of English Department. The writer hopes this thesis could be beneficial for
educational purpose in Indonesia, especially in sociolinguistics field of study.
Malang, October 2013
Ahmad Zulkhiadi
TABLES OF CONTENTS
LEGALIZATION ………………………………………………………. i
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ………………………………………… ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………. v
CHAPTER I
1.1 Background of Study ......................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ......................................................................... 5
1.3 Research Objctive ............................................................................... 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation ......................................................................... 6
1.5 Significant of the Research ................................................................ 6
1.7 Key terms ............................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II
2.1 Sociolinguistics Studies ....................................................................... 8
2.2 Relation between Language and Society ........................................... 10
2.3 Sex and Gender Understanding ......................................................... 13
2.4 Language and Gender ........................................................................ 14
2.5 Terms of Address in Gender .............................................................. 17
CHAPTER III
3.1 Research Design ................................................................................... 19
3.2 Research Subject ................................................................................. 20
3.3 Research Instrument .......................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis ................................................... 22
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Findings ..............................................................................................
23
4.1.1 The Terms of Address Used to Indicate the Difference
of Gender Spoken by Young Sasak Society ........................ 23
4.1.2 The Structure of Terms of Address Used to Indicate the
Difference of Gender Spoken by Young Sasak Society........
25
CHAPTER V
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 29
5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................ 29
Refference ………………………………………………………………...
Appendix ...................................................................................................
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education, 8th Edition. Wadsworth.
USA. Retrieved from:
http://mousavia24.persiangig.com/document/Introduction%20to%20Researc
h%20in%20Education%208th%20Edition%202010.pdf/download 20 March
2013
Bogdan, Robert C. and Sari Knopp Biklen. 2003. Qualitative Research in Education:
an Introduction to Theory and Methods, Fourth Edition. Pearson Education
Group. Boston. Retrieved from:
https://apps.lis.illinois.edu/wiki/download/attachments/4366000/Field+notes
.pdf on 20 March 2013
Bordens, S. Kenneth and Bruce B. Abbott. 2011. Research Design and Methods: A
Process Approach, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill. New York. Retrieved
from:
http://www.onlinecef.net/file.php/1/CEF_Resources/Research%2520%2520
Method/__Research_Design_and_Methods__A_Process_Approach.pdf on
20 March 2013
Departemen SKPM IPB. 2013. Definisi, Konsep dan Kerangka Analisis Gender.
Retrieved from: http://skpm.ipb.ac.id/definisi-gender/ on 05 November 2013
Department of Economic and Social Affair of the United Nation. 2004. World Youth
Report 2003. United Nation Publication. New York. Retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/worldyouthreport.pdf
Downes, William. 1998. Language and Society 2nd Edition. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge. Retrieved from:
Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnel-Ginet. 2003. Language and Gender.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Norman E. Wallen. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York
Jaelani, Lalu Muhammad. 2007. Menelusuri Asal Usul Suku Sasak. Retrieved from:
http://lalumuhamadjaelani.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/menelusuri-asal-usulsuku-sasak/ on 20 March 2013
Jendra, Made I. Irawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics The Study of Societies’ Languages.
Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu
Nordquist,
Richard.
2006.
Term
of
Address.
Retrieved
from:
http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/termofaddressterm.htm on 25 July 2013
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition).
Blackwell
Publishing.
UK.
Retrieved
from:
http://abudira.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/an_introduction_to_sociolinguis
tics__blackwell_textbooks_in_linguistics_.pdf on 20 March 2013
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language Fourth Edition. Cambridge University
Press.
Cambridge.
Retrieved
from:
http://staff.neu.edu.tr/~dpopescu/Cambridge.The.Study.Of.Language.4th.Ed
ition.Apr.2010.eBook-ELOHiM.pdf on 20 March 2013
Zainab, Siti. 2008. Sasak.. the Unique Culture of Lombok. Retrieved from:
http://www.baliadvertiser.biz/articles/letter_lombok/2008/sasak.html. on 05
September 2013
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
Every culture in every region has its own language, it is a means for
communication. Language can become the bridge for every people to connect to
the cross regional culture. By using language, one can collect the knowledge,
gather the information, express feeling, emotion, and intimateness.
Nowadays, the people are spread out in cross regional culture, that makes
people have to know the language used in order to avoid the misunderstanding
between one speaker to the other speakers. This study is focused in introducing
the Sasak language used especially the terms of address which varied between
males and females. This study also will build the high consciousness of the
existence of language community especially for those who are interested in
learning the connection between language and culture or social.
The researcher realizes that the numbers of Sasak community that takes the
study in Malang is increasing year by year. Based on the students data of
University of Muhammadiyah Malang in 2010, there were 338 students from
Lombok and in 2013, there are 668 students. So, it becomes the attention to
present the reference of Sasak especially Sasak language regarding to the raising
numbers of the students.
Besides, this thesis emphasizes the ethics of speech for people who will visit
Lombok. It would be better if they understand the appropriate addresses in
1
addressing people in order to avoid any misunderstanding with local people. So,
through this thesis, they have reference to it. Based on those reasons, it is
necessary to conduct the research of the terms of address spoken by young Sasak.
The Sasak majority is made up by the population of Lombok Island in West
Nusa Tenggara Province. They live throughout the whole island, but they prefer
to populate closely in a big group in the area in which it is prosperous to engage
rice fields farming in the south of mountain Rinjani. Most of them are farmers,
some are laborers, some are fishermen, and some are craftsmen.
The Sasak is believed as the descendant of Malay race that populates Lombok
for thousands of years. The culture of Sasak is influenced by Javanese and
Balinese culture which spread to both Hindu and Islam to the population.
Nowadays, the Sasak applies many traits and customs similar to Java and Bali,
and the Sasak language has many words adopted from both Javanese and
Balinese. Like other languages, the varieties of Sasak language show the
significant differences between males and females use. (Zainab: 2008)
Sasak language is divided into two language stratification according to the
social class, they are base alus and base jamak. Base jamak is the lowest level
and it is used when addressing someone of the same status, of the same age, or the
lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates e.g. ante
(you for male) and kamu (you for female). Besides, base alus is the highest level
and it is used when addressing a person who is highly respected, such as teachers,
parents, grandparents, noble, etc. The terms used to address people who are
2
respected or have higher class of social are using polite terms of address such as
side or pelinggih (you) for both males and females.
Sasak language is bound to gender use, it shows the very significant
differences in the term which is used to address both social construction; males
and females. Those differences appear in terming male as mame and female as
nine as the example. These differences show the fact that Sasak language is linked
to the gender, and it forces the writer to observe about this phenomenon through
the sociolinguistic study.
Gender is concerned with the social structure or exactly related to the social
behavior. It is built on the childhood behavior and it continues until they have
grown and perform it. When it is combined with sex, the significant differences
are found. Eckert (2003) published that sex is a biological categorization based
primarily on reproductive potential, whereas gender is the social elaboration of
biological sex. Gender is what is built in biological sex, and it strengthens the
difference between biological differences.
Furthermore, Vitayala (2010) in SKPM IPB (2013) stated gender is a concept
which indicates to a role system and its connection between female and male that
are not determined by biological differences, but they are determined by social
range, politic, and economy. Also in SKPM IPB (2013), WHO (2012) defined
gender is a set of role, behavior, activity, and attribute reputed for men and
women which is constructed by social in a community.
3
The social behavior which contains language in it is discussed through
sociolinguistic study. Sociolinguistic is one of the branches of linguistic study. It
discusses the aspect of language used in society. It also discusses language as
social property which is used as property or tools of communication. Jendra
(2010) argued that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as
an object of study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax,
semantics, morphology, and phonology handle. It is a field that analyzes language
as part of social property.
Further, Wardhaugh (2006) stated that sociolinguistics is concerned with
investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a
better understanding of the structure of language and of how language functions
in communication. It is obviously clear that sociolinguistics is concerned in
investigating the connection between language and society, how language is
applied in society as a main property of communication.
The use of language may be varied according to the social structure of society.
This
variation
can
be
investigated
through
sociolinguistics
studies.
Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society,
between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of
language live (Spolsky, 1998 in Jendra, 2010).
The fact is shown in the behavior of the society in using language, the relation
between language and society is often shown in variety of ways in using
language. It can be found in phenomena when children speak to their parents,
4
students speak to their teachers, employees speak to their boss, and conversation
which involves inter-sexual (gender) subject. Wardhaugh (2006) stated that social
structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior.
These differences has a direct relationship to language, it is proved by the
form of language which has association related to gender. Language and gender
often shows phenomenon which sometimes it is differently spoken by men or
women. The form of language such as term of address is one of the evidences that
present the varieties of language spoken by males or females, and it is interesting
to be discussed.
1.2. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study above, the problem of this research are:
1.2.1. What are the terms of address used to indicate the difference of gender
spoken by young Sasak society?
1.2.2. How do the terms of address differ in their use in actual conversation?
1.3. Research Objective
The objectives of this research are based on the problem stated above, they
are:
1.3.1. To describe the terms of address used to indicate the difference of
gender spoken by young Sasak society.
1.3.2. To describe how those terms differ in their use in actual conversation.
The conversation involves; male to male, female to female, and male
to female.
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1.4 Scope and Limitation
In this study, the writer focuses the study on the differences of term of address
used in actual conversation spoken by young males and females that use Sasak
language in the range of 18-25 (eighteen to twenty five) years old.
The limitation of this study is the limited access to males and females that do
the conversation using Sasak language since they are spread out in some
geographical area.
1.5 Significance of the Research
This research is expected to be useful to enrich the knowledge of
sociolinguistics study especially the relation between language and gender which
is applied in the actual conversation. Besides, this research is expected to inform
the readers about:
a. The existence of Sasak language is showing the varieties of language in social
interaction.
b. For English learning, the findings of this study are able to be the comparison
study of current terms of address.
c. This research is hopefully able to be references for the similar analyses of
language and gender on sociolinguistics study, especially for students of
English Department.
1.6 Key Terms
1. Terms of Address is a word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of
these) used in addressing someone. (Nordquist, 2008)
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2. Gender is a set of role, behavior, activity, and attribute reputed for men and
women which is constructed by social in a community. (WHO, 2012 in
SKPM IPB, 2013)
3. Young people are identified as those between the ages of 15 and 24. But in
many cases such as in terms of economic, employment, and education, the
stable transition could take up to around age 35. (UN, 2004)
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