A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ADDRESS TERMS UTTERED BY THE CHARACTERS IN JAMES MARSH’S THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING MOVIE.

A Thesis

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of the

Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature

By:

Ratna Dewi Haqsari 12211144013

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

v

If opportunity does not knock, build a door.

(Milton Berle)

“Man Jadda Wa Jadda.”

“Those who do it seriously will be successful.”

(Arabian Proverb)

vi

This thesis is dedicated to:

My Mom, Ibu Wahyu Indarti

and

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mercies and blessings that always enlighten me. Without His blessing, I would have

never completed this thesis. To be able to write this thesis, some parties have

provided me all their support and help. Hence, my deep gratitude is presented to:

1. Dr. Margana, M.Hum., M.A., as the first supervisor and Paulus Kurnianta,

M.Hum., as the second supervisor, for their patience, motivation, detailed

correction and precious guidance during the process of writing this thesis;

2. Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum., as the academic supervisor, who guided and

supported me during my study in this university;

3. all the lecturers of English Education Department who taught and guided me

during my years of study;

4. my beloved parents, Ibu Wahyu Indarti and Bapak Muklas, for their continuous prayer, support, and love in the process in writing this thesis;

5. my triangulators: Ratna Duwi Haryanti, S.S. and Yosep Saputra for helping me

check the thesis;

6. members of 2012 J class and Linguistics class of 2014 for their help and support

in completing this thesis; and

7. many people who gave me their prayer and support who cannot be mentioned

viii contributions to the readers and other researchers.

Yogyakarta, December 30, 2016

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APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATIONS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Objectives of the Research ... 6

D. Significance of the Research ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

A. Literature Review ... 8

1. Sociolinguistics... 8

2. Solidarity and Politeness ... 10

3. Address Terms ... 11

a. Types of Address Terms ... 13

b. Social Factors in Using Address Terms ... 19

4. The Theory of Everything Movie ... 24

B. Previous Studies ... 26

C. Conceptual Framework ... 28

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D. Technique of Data Collection ... 34

E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 34

E. Trustworthiness ... 35

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 37

A. Research Findings ... 37

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 37

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms ... 39

B. Discussion ... 41

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 41

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms ... 56

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 74

A. Conclusion ... 74

B. Suggestions ... 76

REFERENCES ... 78

APPENDICES ... 80

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Figure 2. Analytical Construct ... 30

Table 1. Data Sheet of Types and Social Factors of Address Terms

Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 33 Table 2. Data Findings of Types of Address Terms Uttered by

the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 38 Table 3. Data Findings of Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by

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by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie ... 80 Appendix 2. SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI ... 109

xiii 12211144013 ABSTRACT

This research employs sociolinguistic approach to investigate address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie. This research has two objectives; to identify the types of address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie and to analyze the social factors of address terms uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie.

This research was conducted by employing descriptive qualitative research method. The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself. The data of the research were in the form of sentences, clauses, or words spoken by the characters in the movie. The contexts of the data were utterances and conversations. The sources of the data were the movie of The Theroy of Everything and the movie script. To collect the data, the researcher employed note-taking technique from the character’s utterances in the movie. To gain the data trustworthiness, the researcher asked the triangulators to check the collected data.

The results of this research are presented as follows. First, first name (FN) appears more frequently because it is one of the ways to reach intimacy among the characters. First name not only appears when the setting of the conversation is in the house but also appears when the conversation occurs in a college area. Second, the social factor of address terms which mostly influences the use of address terms by the characters is the degree of intimacy (DI). In this kind of settings, first name is usually used to address someone as it indicates equality and familiarity. This type of address terms is regarded as a sign of considerable intimacy. Degree of intimacy is dominantly performed by the characters since the settings of the conversations mostly take place in a house. In a house, the interactions between the members of the family are mostly depicted.

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This chapter describes the background of why this research is important to be

conducted. It also conveys the background of the research, research focus, and the

formulation of the problems. This chapter also mentions the objectives of this

research and states the significances of this research.

A. Background of the Research

Language is one of the important aspects in human life. Language cannot be

separated from human life since it is a means of a communication. According to

Pearson (1985: 14), communication can be counted as a medium of interaction which

people can use when they want to negotiate a certain meaning of any matter. A

successful communication only can be reached when the information in the messages

can be understood by both speaker and hearer. Meanwhile, the failure of a

communication will become a flaw in society, since communication is significant to

satisfy individual, social, and also practical needs.

To make an effective communication, people should understand the use of

address terms. Address terms is known as the way people call or address the

addressee. The speaker uses address terms to call the person involved in the

conversation. The use of address terms depends on the addresser and addressee’s

relationship, the social status or individual involve in the conversation, the situation

people use language to communicate each other, they commonly call or refer to

others by using address terms which are appropriate to them.

Address terms is related to politeness in communication. Each kind of address

terms has different level in communication process. People will be seen as polite if

they address people appropriately, but they will be seen as impolite if they do it

inappropriately. Holmes (2001: 296) states that being polite is a complicated business

in any language. People should understand the language, social and cultural values of

a society. They tend to think of politeness just a matter of saying “please” in making

request and saying “thank you” when someone gives us what we want or does

something for us.

Choosing the appropriate address terms to call someone can show the

intimacy level. For instance, when someone says “Sweet dream, honey!” to address

his/her friend shows that the word “honey” has high level of intimacy. The speaker is

using pet name to address his/her couple. Another example is when someone says

“How are you, Mrs. Brown?” to address other people indicates that the word “Mrs.

Brown” has low level of intimacy. It shows that the speaker and the addressee do not

have close relationship. It can be inferred that people should use appropriate address

terms in addressing someone whether they know the addressee very well or not.

There are various ways on how people address others such as by using title

(T), by first name (FN), by last name (LN), by nickname, or by some combination of

reflected in the condition of the speaker. For example, the use of titles such as Doctor

or Professor to address other people indicates the least intimate relationship between the speaker and the addressee (Wardaugh, 2006: 268). It can be concluded that the

speaker and the addressee do not know each other and do not have a close

relationship. This example proves that if someone does not know the way to address

people, they will ruin the communication.

Studying address terms always becomes interesting linguistic research as the

use of address terms can reveal many things including the identity of the speakers, the

power and authority of the speakers, and the distance and relationship between the

speakers. Therefore, people need to understand the types and the social factors behind

the choice before using a certain type of address terms.

The phenomena of address terms do not only occur in real life situation but

also in movies since they are a reflection of human’s real life. A movie not only

provides narrations and conversations, but also performs its story in reality. Through

movies, the movie-makers’ perspective, information, and even doctrine, can be used

by someone to influence the public as its audience. Hornby (2000: 869) proposes that

movie is defined as a number of moving pictures which tell a specific story. The

characters’ dialogues in a movie reflect human communication which consists of

address terms. They apply address terms in their utterances to deliver their intended

In conducting the research, the researcher chooses a movie as the source of

data rather than a kind of field study. Besides, since movie is the representation of

human life, the researcher thinks it is acceptable to use movie as source of data. A

movie of which the researcher presumes having the phenomena of address terms is

The Theory of Everything. The Theory of Everything is a British biographical romantic drama movie which tells a theoretical physicist named Stephen Hawking.

A movie entitled The Theory of Everything is chosen as the object of the research because the conversations all characters represent our daily life

conversations, and they employ or use some types of address terms. Through this

movie, people can see that address terms can be used for any reasons depending on

the situational contexts. For example, the use of address terms in college will be

different from the use of address terms at home. Therefore, the phenomena of address

terms can be obstacles for the audience who does not understand the rules of address

terms.

B. Research Focus

Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in its social context

(Holmes, 2001: 1). In different social contexts, an individual will speak in different

ways due to the difference of age, gender, social class, and ethnic group. This

As a reflection of a real life experience, a movie has two kinds of

communication. There are spoken communication and written communication. The

example of spoken communication can be seen from the conversation among the

characters in the movie. When the characters in the movie are having a conversation

with another one, it cannot be avoided that they use more than one type of address

terms due to some factors including relationship they have with the addressee.

There are many address terms used in a social interaction. They vary

depending on who use it, where they use it, when they use it and why they use it. This

research takes a Hollywood movie entitled The Theory of Everything. There are several problems found in this movie based on the phenomena of address terms. The

first problem is concerned with the types of address terms that are used in this movie.

Addressing other people not only uses Mr. or Mrs., but also uses several ways such as by using last name (LN) or kinship terms (KT). The second problem is social factors

that affect the characters in using certain types of address terms.

To gain a specific area, the problem of discussion is limited on discovering

the topics involved in the address terms used by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie by using Wardaugh’s and Chaika’s theories. Based on the explanation above, this research is intended to answer the following problems:

1. What types of address terms are uttered by the characters of a movie entitled

The Theory of Everything?

2. What social factors do affect the characters of The Theory of Everything

movie in certain types of address terms?

C. Objectives of the Research

In reference to problem formulations mentioned above, the objectives of the

research are stated as follows:

1. to identify the types of address terms which are uttered by the characters of a

movie entitled The Theory of Everything, and

2. to analyze the social factors that affect the characters of The Theory of Everything movie in certain types of address terms.

D. Significance of the Research

Based on the result of the research, it is expected that this research provides

both theoretical and practical contributions.

1. Theoretical significance

Theoretically, the research findings confer additional information to linguistic

field dealing with sociolinguistic research under the issue of address terms.

2. Practically significance

Practically, it is expected that this research is useful for the academic society

hopefully able to give an important contribution for other researchers who are

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This chapter is divided into three parts: literature review, previous studies, and

conceptual framework. The first part consists of some theories as guidance in

conducting this research and description the object of this research. The second is

previous studies. It describes previous studies which have similar topic as references

of this research. The third part deals with conceptual framework. It shows the

concepts used in this research. It is also formulated into an analytical construct.

A. Literature Review 1. Sociolinguistics

Language is an important part of human behavior. It is a primary tool of

interaction among people in a society since they use language to communicate and to

express their feeling and ideas with others. Without language, people will find several

problems when they do their activities with others. Discussing language and society,

people deal with a kind of study called sociolinguistics. According to Yule (2006:

254), sociolinguistics is a study which focuses on language which is dealing with

social and cultural phenomenon in a society. It usually explores the field of language,

society, and things which are related to social sciences, especially psychology,

anthropology, and sociology.

The idea proposed by Yule is also in line with Trudgill. Trudgill (2000: 32)

affect the way people speak or talk since it is determined by the social context. In

accordance with those two linguists, Holmes (2001: 1) also says that sociolinguistics

is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which the

language is used. It explains that people who study linguistics probably concern on

describing people’s different ways of speaking in different social contexts. Moreover,

Holmes argues that sociolinguists also try to investigate the use of language to

convey messages. As language functions to convey messages, there must be social

interactions between the members of community. Those social interactions can

indicate the relationship of the people who are involved. Thus, sociolinguistics is

essential in explaining the interaction between the members of the society.

As cited in Wardaugh (2006: 12), sociolinguistics is concerned with

investigating the relationship between language and society with its goal to

understand better the structure of language and the functions of language in

communication. It means that in sociolinguistics, people learn how social structures

influence the way people talk. In addition, they also study how social attributes such

as class, sex, and age influence the use of language varieties and pattern. Similarly,

Chaika (1982: 3) states that sociolinguistics is a study of language use in social

interaction. It means that this study focuses on the way people talk naturally in

everyday communication in their social environment.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is the

studies about the ways people use language in social interaction. Moreover,

sociolinguistics is a study of language in relation to society. Language is the

foundation of society allowing people to live, work, and play together. By using

language, people can also show their characteristics, their background, even their

personal identity.

2. Solidarity and Politeness

One of the purposes of language is to maintain relationship and solidarity

between people, so that it is important to use language properly. Addressing a person

with an appropriate address term that befits his/her age or status is one of the norms

of speech that makes interaction between speakers acceptable. It signals the speaker’s

attitude towards the addressee and defines the relationship that speaker perceives to

exist between him/her and the addressee (Wardaugh, 2006: 260). People should

notice some considerations in the word choice they use in conversation. Those

considerations include what people want to say and how people say (Wardaugh,

2006: 260).

The use of language properly is often related to politeness, but most people

have difficulties in understanding the definition of politeness. Many linguists have

tried to define what politeness is. Spolsky (2001: 19-20) defines it as something in

communication which consists of the listener’s recognition and the speaker’s rights in

…another person’s face. In this sense, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. Showing awareness for another person’s face when that other seems socially distant is often described in terms of respect or deference.

Thus, politeness can be defined as the way people use language to maintain their

relationship with others. It shows how to use the language and conduct the

conversation well. The use of language in a society can describe the relationship

among the users. The relationship between the speaker and the addressee can be seen

through the way people address others.

3. Address Terms

Language is not only concerned with the message but also concerned with the

setting and social relationship between the users. In communication, people try to

make the listener understand what he/she thinks and what he/she feels. He/she is also

using language to define his/her relationship, to identify him/her as part of a social

group, and to establish the kind of speech event he/she is in. This is clearly

highlighted in the use of address terms. To give a clearer explanation, Fasold (1997:

1-2) defines address terms in the following way.

Address terms are the words speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them. They are also part of semantic systems which are connected to the social relationships. Names and second- person pronouns are two main kinds of address terms in most language.

Every society has its own way in conducting communication, especially in the

way its member addresses others. People often think that address terms, greetings,

46), address terms are different from greetings and summons. Address terms are used

by people when they want to show their power or solidarity to other people while

greetings depend on the mood of the speaker. Meanwhile, summons is used only

when the speaker wants to get someone’s attention, and the speaker will start the

conversation after it. Here is an example of address terms in a conversation.

Mother : Why are you so late?

Ray : This morning my teacher kept me again. Mother : What is the name of the teacher who kept you? Ray : The bastard sootbucket!

Mother : Sssh.. Your grandmother was there. Ray : Upss.. Sorry.

(Holmes, 2001: 1)

The above illustration is about a boy named Ray. He came late to his home since his

teacher kept him again. He addressed his teacher by bastard sootbucket. When his mother said that his grandmother was there, he was sorry because he realized that his

grandmother would not like to hear him addressing his teacher by those words. He

would have described his teacher differently if he knew that his grandmother was

there.

Before Ray left the school, he ran into the school principal. When the

principal asked him what he was doing, he answered that his teacher kept him again.

In this conversation, Ray addressed his teacher as Mr. Sutton. The conversation will be shown as follows:

School Principal : What were you doing today, Ray? Ray : My teacher kept me again this morning. School Principal : What is the name of the teacher who kept you?

Ray : Mr. Sutton.

(Holmes, 2001: 2)

Here, Ray used Mr. Sutton to address the teacher whom is not present in the conversation. Mr. Sutton is used because Ray wants to show respect the one who has taught him at the school. Mr. Sutton has higher status as a teacher that should be

respected by the students. Moreover, they were in a formal occasion and institution

that required a formal language use to honor all the participants. In conclusion, the

same message may be expressed very differently to different people. People use

different styles in different social context.

a. Types of Address Terms

In the daily activities, people use language differently when they

communicate with others. This depends on the situation whether it is formal or

informal. Tillitt and Bruder (1985: 15) explain that there are specific language

features in every language which marks the relationship between the speakers. This

relationship is marked by the use of address terms. For people who have not yet

known each other and have different status, they will use a formal address term or

title plus last name (family name). Meanwhile, for those who have known each other

There are several types of address terms which now are being used in the

entire world. According to Chaika (1982: 47-50), the types of address terms are first

name (FN), title plus name (TLN), title only (T), last name (LN), and special name

(SN) which often used among close friends. In addition, Wardaugh (2006: 268) has

his own types of address terms. He states that the types of address terms are first

name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title alone (T), last name (LN), pet name (PN),

and kinship term (KT).

1) First name (FN)

First name is mainly used to call the younger person by the older one or to call

a child by his/her parents. This type is used to address other people by his/her name.

According to Wardaugh (2006: 268), the use of first name in communication

indicates equality, familiarity, and intimacy. In the same time, it also shows an effort

to assert some power to other people. This kind of type can be shown in the following

example.

Christina Bella : Sorry, Angela. I’ve got to go now.

Angela Christie : Alright Christina. Good bye, see you tomorrow. Christina Bella : Bye, Angela. See you soon.

The above example is a conversation between two friends named Christina and

Angela. The topic of the conversation is about Christina who excuses herself to go

first when she and Angela are in the middle of conversation. It ends up with saying

good bye to each other. They used first name (FN) in addressing one another to show

2) Title with last name (TLN)

Title with last name is usually used by people to call someone they merely

acquainted with. This type is also used by people who have relatively higher status

than the other people who he/she wants to address. The use of title with last name in

communication indicates social distance and unfamiliarity between the speaker and

the addressee (Chaika, 1982: 47).

Similarly, Wardaugh (2006: 268) states that the use of title with last name is

usually used by people with lower status to addressing people from higher status.

This type also indicates the unfamiliarity and imbalance in power between the

speaker and the addressee. In sum, people with lower status tend to use this type to

address other people with higher status. Here is an example of title with last name

(TLN) type in a conversation.

Teacher : Hello class, I’m your new English teacher. My name is John Smith but you can call me Mr. Smith.

Students : Hello, Mr. Smith. Nice to meet you. Teacher : Nice to meet you too.

In this conversation, the teacher asked his students to call him by using title with last

name. The teacher wants to show power difference between him and his students. Mr.

Smith has higher status as a teacher that should be respected by the students.

Moreover, they can happen in a formal situation that required a formal language to

3) Title only (T)

If a speaker addresses someone by title only (T), it means that he/she uses the

most formal address term. This type is probably a less intimate and more deferential

than title with last name (TLN). For example, pupils often address their teacher with

his/her title only. According to Wardaugh (2006: 268), the use of title only in

addressing others indicates the least intimate relationship. This type is usually used to

determine social status or ranks of occupation.

An example of this type in the utterance can be seen as follows:

Student : Excuse me, sir. Do you think it’s okay if I go home early today?

Teacher : Why?

Student : My mom’s hospitalized, and I want to visit her. Teacher : Never mind. I hope your mother will get better soon. Student : Thank you, sir.

The above example is a conversation between a student and a teacher. In this

conversation, the student addressed his/her teacher by using “sir”. The use of title

only (T) indicated that the student used the most formal address term to show power

differential and distance between the teacher and the student.

4) Last name (LN)

Last name is a type of address terms that is less formal than title with last

name (TLN) but not as intimate as first name (FN). According to Chaika (1982: 49),

the use of last name indicates that the speaker is more superior to the hearer. It means

that the use of last name in communication shows asymmetric power between the

while the superior will be addressed by his/her title with last name. Here is the

example in a conversation.

Teacher : What’s your name? Student : My name is Ni Made. Teacher : Are you from Bali, Made? Student : Yes.

The above example is a conversation between a teacher and a student. In this

conversation, the teacher used last name (LN) to address his/her student. The use of

last name indicated that the teacher used the less formal address term type to show

his/her superiority towards the student.

5) Special name (SN)

The fifth type of address terms is special name. The use of special name (SN)

is a kind of informal language that usually used by people in the non-formal

situations. According to Chaika (1982: 49), this type of address terms is used in

communication between a speaker and an addressee that has an intimate relationship

such as between close friends. It is used as a sign of intimacy. The examples of

special name such as Charles that turns into Charlie, James that turns into Jim,

Katherines that turns into Kathy, and Deborah being called as Debbie. 6) Pet name (PN)

Pet name refers to an extra name which is normally unofficial. It is not used

for legal purposes as well. Pet name indicates higher level of intimacy compared to

the use of first name in addressing other people (Wardaugh, 2006: 268). People

originally used as intimacies within the family circle. This type is sometimes used by

a couple who have their own nickname to the one they love, such as honey, dear and

sweetheart. For example, the word sweetheart is used in the following dialogue. A : Happy birthday, Stella. Wow, you are one year older now.

Congratulations sweetheart! B : Thank you.

The above conversation is interesting since A used “sweetheart” to addressing B. It

indicates that they had an intimate relationship.

7) Kinship term (KT)

Kinship term is about the term used in a speech community to identify

relationships between individuals in a family. Wardaugh (2006: 271) states that the

kinship system itself is generation and age-oriented with terms for both the paternal

and maternal sides. An example of this type in the conversation can be seen as

follows:

Father : Will you turn off the lights when you leave the room? We have to save the electricity.

Daniel : Ok, Dad.

The above example is a conversation between a father and his son. The father asked

his son to turn off the light to save the energy. Here, the son uses kinship term (KT),

“dad”, to address his father. Here, kinship is used to show respect from a son to his

father by obeying the father’s order. Kinship term is also used here as a result of

b. Social Factors in Using Address Terms

In communication, people will address other people in different way. They

address people based on the context whether they are in formal or informal contexts.

When they address someone, there are some social factors affecting the choice of

address terms (Wardaugh, 2006: 272). They are particular occasion (PO), social

status or rank of the other (SS), gender (G), age (A), family relationship (FR),

occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), race (R), and degree of

intimacy (DI). In daily life, people may use more than one type of address term. The

choice of the types is greatly influenced by those factors.

1) Particular occasion

People tend to address a certain person differently in different place where

they communicate. Wardaugh (2006: 272) gives an example of this kind of social

factor in a military area. A soldier has to maintain his/her respect toward his/her

commander. A soldier has to maintain his/her respect while in the same time he/she

has to live together with the commander in dangerous circumstance, like in a war. In

formal occasion, people are demanded to respect other people overriding social

status.

Another example of this kind of social factor is in a school area. A boy

schools in a school where his father becomes the school principal there. A boy should

not address his school principal as his father, but he should address him as his school

inside the school. The context will be different when they are in the house. They are

in the different context or occasion with the different degree of formality that will

impact the way to address. In school, they are involved in an institutional setting that

requires formality and respect to the other.

2) Social status

There are some social factors that influence people to use certain types of

address term in their communication. One of the social factors that can influence

people in use address terms is social status. According to Chaika (1982: 47), the

superior will receive title with last name when he/she is being addressed. Chaika adds

that title with last name also given to the superior and to relative strangers. This type

of address terms indicates inequality in power between the speaker and the addressee.

The superior will receive title with last name when they are addressed, while the

inferior will received first name.

3) Gender

Gender in a certain society also affects the choice of the address terms.

Dickey (in Wardaugh, 2006: 270) states that in Athenian society, men addressed

women by either name or “gunai” which means woman. Then, women and children

addressed men by name. Wardaugh (2006: 270) adds that different societies classify

the choice of the address terms differently. In Java, a wife will address her husband

with “mas” which means elder brother, and she will get her first name, a nickname, or

4) Age

Age is a kind of the social factors that can influence people to choose certain

types of address terms. Age is a determinant factor in the use of address terms.

Chaika (1982: 47) illustrates an older person usually prefers being addressed by using

title with last name especially when they are addressed by younger person. In the

other hand, when a younger person is the boss of an older one, age often wins out.

Therefore, the boss calls his/her employee by title with last name. The use of this

kind of social factor in using address terms is an appropriate way to show politeness.

5) Family relationship

The change of age and family relationship influences the choice of address

terms. Wardaugh (2006: 271) gives an illustration that the condition which may arise

when someone has to address his/her father-in-law. For example, it seems to be too

formal if addressing a father-in-law as Mr. Smith. It also seems that too familiar if addressing him by only call Smith and it seems to be unnatural if addressing him as

Dad. However, the arrival of grandchildren is sometimes seen as a way out because it is being easier to call a father-in-law as Granddad than Dad.

6) Occupational hierarchy

The choice of the types of address terms is determined by the circumstance

around the place where people work. According to Wardaugh (2006: 272), it is clear

that in a hierarchical structure, those at the bottom seek to minimize their difference

difference. Wardaugh adds that different circumstance of field of work such as in

military and business world will also affect the choice of address term. People who

have higher occupational status will receive title with last name when they are

addressed by the people who have lower occupational status. In the other hand,

people who have lower occupational status will receive first name when they are

being addressed.

7) Transactional status

Status of a person can give great effects in his/her daily life. In a society,

social status of someone can be clearly seen in a communication especially in using

address terms. The different social status will determine which types of address terms

are applied. The inequality in power between higher and lower social status can be

seen in the use of title with last name and first name in communication.

Beside social status, there is a transactional status that also determines the use

of certain types of address term in communication. Transactional status is a status

achieved by specialty in a certain field of work, so other people will follow his/her

instruction. According to Wardaugh (2006: 272), transactional status is a relationship

between two sides like a doctor with a patient or a priest with a penitent. This kind of

relationship can indicate inequality power which presents in a certain institution like

8) Race

In a certain society, race determines people in the way they choose certain

type of address term. Wardaugh (2006: 269) states that in southern states of the

United States, black people will be addressed by his/her first name in a situation

where it actually requires titles. The asymmetrical use of names is also part of the

system.

9) Degree of intimacy

The last factor that can influence people in addressing other people is degree

of intimacy. The intimate relationship among people can be seen in the way they use

certain types of address terms. Wardaugh (2006: 268) states that the use of first name

and pet name can be used to show intimacy. The use of first name and pet name are

4. The Theory of Everything Movie

Figure 1. Cover of The Theory of Everything Movie

The Theory of Everything is a biographical romantic drama movie directed by James Marsh. The Theory of Everything’s script is adapted from the memoir entitled

Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen by Jane Wilde Hawking in 2014. This movie involves some famous Hollywood actresses and actors such as Eddie

Redmayne as Stephen Hawking, Felicity Jones as Jane Wilde Hawking, Charlie Cox

as Jonathan Jones, Emily Watson as Jane’s mother, Simon McBurney as Stephen’s

father, and Harry Lloydand as Brian. This movie had its world premiere at the 2014

Toronto International Film Festival on September 7th, 2014.

The movie tells a young man named Stephen Hawking who had an

exceptional mind. He had one best friend, Brian. On 1963, Stephen and Brian won a

scholarship to the Cambridge University. As an astrophysics student, Stephen had a

farewell party, Stephen met a beautiful literature student, Jane Wilde. Stephen fell in

love with her and they got married.

While pursuing his research, Stephen’s muscles began to fail. It was

discovered that he had a debilitating motor neuron disease known as ALS. He would

be unable to talk, swallow, breathe, and difficult to move most of his body. Jane

helped her husband in every possible way. She became Stephen’s fulltime caregiver

actually.

After having a second child, Stephen developed a theory about the visibility

of black holes. From that theory, Stephen became a renowned astrophysicist. He

wrote a theory into a book entitled A Brief History of Time. That book became an international best-seller.

While focusing on the children, Jane had a difficulty to work on her own

thesis. She joined the church choir to throw out her depression. In the church choir,

she met a widower, Jonathan. Jane and Jonathan became close friends, and she

employed him as a piano teacher for her children. Unfortunately, when Jane gave a

birth to third children, Stephen’s mother forced Jane to admit that the baby was

Jonathan’s. Stephen had no idea about that. He was still busy doing his research. He

had been invited to America to accept an award.

In the end of the story, Stephen and Jane agreed to divorce before Stephen

and Elaine had fallen in love, and they married. Besides, Jane and Jonathan also

decided to marry.

The Theory of Everything managed as a successful movie in 2014. The movie opened to a positive reception worldwide. It was nominated for a variety of accolades

in award shows and film festivals. The movie received four Golden Globe Award

nominations, three 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations, and 10 British Academy Film Awards nominations.

It is an interesting movie since it could give the audience the formal language

use that was employed in a formal occasion and institution. Therefore, people can

clearly notice the different styles of language that are used in different occasion. The

characters of the movie employ several address terms in their communication that

sometimes confuse the audience. For that reason, this movie is chosen as the object of

this research because the phenomena in the story related to the address terms.

B. Previous Studies

There are many studies which have been conducted under the issues of

address terms. However, this study is different from the previous studies. One of the

previous study is an undergraduate thesis of Setyawan (2012) entitled “A

Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Address Forms Used by the Characters in the Movie

Hamlet”. The researcher of the study analyzed types, functions, and characters’ role influencing the use of address terms in the movie Hamlet. The researcher of the study used the theory of address terms by Chaika and the theory of politeness principles

proposed by Leech. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research. The

findings of this study indicated that (1) the most appearing type of address term is

title only, (2) the most appearing purpose of address terms is to make someone

inferior in their utterances, and (3) the appearing kind of roles influencing the use of

addressing terms is based on their class.

Then, another study dealing with address terms is research entitled “The

Sociolinguistic Analysis of Addressing Terms Used in The Karate Kid Movie” conducted by Sari in 2015. The study was mainly focused on analyzing the

variations, the reasons, and the politeness pattern of address terms applied in The Karate Kid movie. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher found that the common address terms variations used by the characters are name,

kinship, intimacy, respect, and mockery. The most appearing data related to the

reasons of address terms are to show intimacy, care, sympathy, worry,

power/authority, politeness, to calm someone, to warn someone, and to show

anger/dislike. Finally, as the third objective, the common politeness patterns of

address terms in this study are asymmetrical T/V usage, symmetrical/mutual T usage,

and symmetrical/mutual V usage.

Both previous studies focused on address terms. Compared to the previous

studies, this study is entitled A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Address Terms Uttered by

the Characters in James Marsh’s The Theory of Everything Movie. The aims of this study are to identify the types of address terms which are uttered by the characters in

The Theory of Everything movie and to describe the social factors that affect the characters of The Theory of Everything movie in certain types of address terms. There are some differences between the previous studies and this research. First, the

researcher investigates the same topic by using a different theory and object. By using

a different object, the research can show different results as it takes a different

context. Second, the two previous studies describe the types of address terms.

Meanwhile, the researcher does not only try to describe the types of address terms but

also try to describe the social factors influencing the use of address terms in the

movie. However, this research analyzes address terms by using Chaika’s and

Wardaugh’s theory.

C. Conceptual Framework

Language is a primary tool of interaction among people in a society. People

use language to communicate and to express their feeling and ideas with others.

There are many language branches that are important to consider. Sociolinguistics is

one of the linguistic branches that deals with the ways people use language in social

interactions. There are many aspects studied in sociolinguistics such as Tu and Vous, address terms, and politeness. However, in this research, the researcher only deals

with one aspect namely address terms.

In this research, the researcher focuses on investigating The Theory of Everything movie covering two important points of research questions, i.e. types of address terms and social factors influencing the use of address terms based on the

situation in The Theory of Everything movie. To answer the research questions, this research uses Wardaugh’s and Chaika’s theory about classification of types and

social factors of address terms.

This research identified seven types of address terms as the first research

question. As classification by Wardaugh (2006) and Chaika (1982), there are seven

types of address terms. They are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title only

(T), last name (LN), special name (SN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT).

Then, to answer the second research question, the researcher also employed

Wardaugh’s and Chaika’s theory about the social factors influencing the use of

address terms. There are nine social factors in using address terms as classified by

them. They are particular occasion (PO), social status or rank of the other (SS),

gender (G), age (A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH),

D. Analytical Construct

In reference to the conceptual framework above, the following diagram

presents the outlines of the research.

Figure 2. Analytical Construct Sociolinguistics

Language

1.First Name (FN) 2.Title with Last Name

(TLN) 3.Title only (T) 4.Last Name (LN) 5.Special Name (SN) 6.Pet Name (PN) 7.Kinship Term (KT)

A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in James Marsh’s The Theory of Everything Movie

Solidarity and Politeness

Tu and Vous Address Terms Politeness

Types

The Theory of

Everything Movie

1.Particular Occasion (PO) 2.Social Status (SS) 3.Gender (G) 4.Age (A)

5.Family Relationship (FR) 6.Occupational Hierarchy

(OH)

7.Transactional Status (TS) 8.Race (R)

9.Degree of Intimacy (DI)

Society Style of Speech Jargon Discourse Routine Social Factors

31

In this chapter, the researcher presents all elements regarding with the

research method applied in conducting this research. This chapter deals with the

description of the research method which includes research type, form, context, and

source of the data, the data collecting technique, the technique of data analysis, the

research instrument, and trustworthiness. Each sub-chapter is discussed below.

A. Research Type

This research applied descriptive qualitative method since it emphasized on

describing the phenomenon of language use. Qualitative method was used to describe

the phenomenon in its context by interpreting the data. As stated by Vanderstoep and

Johnston (2009: 166-167), qualitative research relies on people’s interpretation of

their own experience. Related to its purpose, the qualitative research is more about

how to make description than prediction of the data.

Qualitative research method applied in this research is aimed to present the

research in the form of words description instead of numbers and statistics. It was not

only analyzing and describing the data but also interpreting the data to get a rich and

more in-depth understanding of address terms in The Theory of Everything movie.

For this reason, this research is aimed to describe the types and the social factors of

B. Form, Context, and Source of Data

The data were taken from The Theory of Everything movie script. The data were in the form of sentences, clauses, or words spoken by the characters in the

movie. The contexts of the data were dialogues. There were two kinds of data sources

in this research. They were a primary data source and a secondary data source. The

primary data source was the movie and the movie script. The movie script was

accessed on http://www.screenplaydb.com/film/scripts/the_theory_of_everything.pdf. The data were taken from the characters’ conversations. The researcher watched the

movie and then checked the accuracy of the conversations by reading the movie

script. The secondary data sources were books and journals related to the topic of this

research. Those books and journals were used to find out the related theories in order

to answer the research questions.

C. Research Instruments

Lincoln and Guba (in Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 188-9) state that in a

qualitative method, the researcher acts as the main instrument. The researcher plays

as the designer, the collector, the analyst, the interpreter, and the reporter of the data

findings. The researcher herself was the main and primary instrument because she

planned the research, collected the data, classified the data, analyzed the data, made

interpretations, made conclusions, and reported the results. Furthermore, the

instrument to collect the data of address terms from the sources. The table below

illustrates the form of the data sheet which was used to collect the data.

Table 1. Data Sheet of Types and Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

Note:

1. Code 3. Social Factors

AT : Address Terms PO : Particular Occasion

S-1 : Scene 1 SS : Social Status

P8 : Page 8 G : Gender

D-1 : Data number 1 A : Age

1a : Datum 1a FR : Family Relationship

1b : Datum 1b OH : Occupational Hierarchy

2. Types TS : Transactional Status

FN : First Name R : Race

TLN : Title plus Last Name DI : Degree of Intimacy T : Title only

LN : Last Name

SN : Special Nickname

PN : Pet Name KT : Kinship Term

C o de _Dialogue D a tum

Types Social Factors

Explanation F N T L N

T L N S N P N K T P O S S G A

F R

O H

T S R

D I A T/ S -3 /P 7 /D -1

Sciama: Well, then, here we are. A little challenge for you all, as you embark on your separate doctoral journeys – whatever they may be, Mr. Hawking. (1a) Something to separate the men from the boys—the wheat from the chaff—the mesons from the pi mesons— the quarks from the quacks.

1

a  

The dialogue takes place in the seminar room of Cambridge University. Dennis Sciama, as a speaker in tutorial, gives an exercise to his several young physicists. Meanwhile, Stephen reads a chess book that lies on his lap out of his sight under the table. Dennis Sciama, with a wicked smirk on his face, passes out a set of mathematical problems to Stephen. Then, Stephen looks up and crumples the paper in his pocket. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last name (TLN), Mr. Hawking, since they are in a formal occasion. Moreover, Dennis Sciama only wants to snap at Stephen because he is busy reading a chess book instead of paying attention on him.

D. Techniques of Data Collection

The data of this research were collected using a note-taking technique from

the character’s utterances in The Theory of Everything movie. The researcher took some steps during the data collection: downloading the movie along with its script,

making the data sheet, and categorizing the raw data into the sheet. The first step was

watching The Theory of Everything movie to understand its plot and story. After that, the researcher re-watched the movie to find the utterances containing address terms

uttered by the characters. Then, the researcher checked the accuracy of the movie

script with the conversations in the movie. Next, the researcher took notes of the

characters’ utterances which were in accordance with the research questions.

Categorizing the raw data into the data sheet was the final step of the data collecting

techniques.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

After the data had been collected, the researcher conducted the data analysis.

Bodgan and Biklen (1982: 145) state that data analysis is working with data which

includes organizing, classifying, synthesizing, understanding the data, and

determining the data that will be presented. In accordance with the definition, the

procedures of data analysis in this research were as follows:

1) the data taken from the The Theory of Everything movie were analyzed, 2) the data were classified based on the two research questions and put into

3) each datum which had been classified in the data sheet was analyzed

based on the two research questions,

4) the data were interpreted to answer the two research questions, and

5) the findings were concluded.

F. Trustworthiness

This research employed trustworthiness to establish the reliability,

truthfulness of the data, credibility, and the consistency of the data used. The

trustworthiness of the data is important in order to determine whether the research is

reliable research. To confirm the trustworthiness of the data, triangulation technique

was employed in this research. Triangulation is a technique to ensure the

trustworthiness of the data by employing something outside the data to investigate the

data or to compare the data (Guion, 2002: 1).

In gaining trustworthiness, the researcher conducted a triangulation. As stated

by Guion (2002: 1), a triangulation is divided into several categories such as data

triangulation, theory triangulation, investigator triangulation, environmental

triangulation, advantage triangulation, disadvantage triangulation and methodological

triangulation. Since the form and the analyzing technique of the research did not use

surveys and interviews technique, the researcher in this study only used the data

triangulation, theory triangulation, and investigator triangulation. Guion (2002: 2)

explains further that the data triangulation is the way to increase the validity of the

triangulation used to validate the data findings by using more than one theory. Then,

the investigator triangulation is the way to make the data trustworthy by obtaining

supervisor agreement. In this research, the researcher also asked fellow linguistics

37

In this chapter, the results of the research are explained in detail. This chapter

is divided into two issues, namely research findings and discussion. Each is presented

below.

A. Research Findings

Based on the data analysis, the research reveals 40 data of address terms

uttered by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie. The following sections illustrate the research findings.

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

In terms of the types, address terms can be divided into seven types. They are

first name (FN), title with last name (TLN), title only (T), last name (LN), special

name (SN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT). The findings of the types of

address terms employed by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in

The Theory of Everything Movie

No. Types of Address Terms Occurrences

1. First name (FN) 23

2. Title with last name (TLN) 4

3. Title only (T) 5

4. Last name (LN) 0

5. Special name (SN) 4

6. Pet name (PN) 0

7. Kinship term (KT) 4

Total 40

Table 2 shows that five types of address terms are performed by the characters

in The Theory of Everything movie. They are first name (FN), title with last name (TLN), title only (T), special name (SN), and kinship term (KT). From the table

above, it can be noticed that the most dominant type used by the characters is first

name (FN). It occurs 23 times out of the 40 data. The second frequent phenomenon is

title only (T). The number of occurrences of title only (T) is quite different from the

previous type. It occurs 5 times out of the 40 data. The third highest frequency which

has the same percentage is title with last name (TLN), special name (SN), and kinship

term (KT). They occur 4 times out of the 40 data. Based on the findings, last name

(LN) and pet name (PN) are the types that are never used by the characters in the

The movie mostly takes place in a house that did not required formal use of

language. First name (FN) is the most occurring type of address terms since it is one

of the ways to reach intimacy and to show superiority among the characters. In other

hand, the use of title with last name (TLN) and title only (T) are avoided in informal

occasion like in a house. It can be seen from the table that those two types of address

terms are rarely used by the characters of the movie.

2. Social Factors that Affect the Characters of The Theory of Everything

Movie in Certain Types of Address Terms

Each address term found in The Theory of Everything movie is performed with social factors. According to Wardaugh (2006), the social factors are divided into

nine classifications. They are particular occasion (PO), social status or rank of the

other (SS), gender (G), age (A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy

(OH), transactional status (TS), race (R), and degree of intimacy (DI). The findings of

the social factors of address terms performed by the characters in The Theory of Everything movie are provided in the Table 3.

Table 3. Social Factors of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in

The Theory of Everything Movie

No. Social Factors of Address Terms Occurrences

1. Particular Occasion (PO) 3

2. Social Status (SS) 14

3. Gender (G) 0

4. Age (A) 2

5. Family Relationship (FR) 5

6. Occupational Hierarchy (OH) 0

7. Transactional Status (TS) 0

8. Race (R) 0

9. Degree of Intimacy (DI) 16

Total 40

Table 3 shows five social factors of address terms which are employed by the

characters in The Theory of Everything movie. They are particular occasion (PO), social status (SS), age (A), family relationship (FR), and degree of intimacy (DI).

Gender (G), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), and race (R) are

the social factors which never affect the characters of the movie in using certain types

of address terms. The dominant social factor of address terms found in the movie is

degree of intimacy (DI). It occurs 16 times out of the total 40 data. In the second rank

is social status (SS) with 14 occurrences of the total 40 data. The third highest

frequency is family relationship (FR). It occurs 5 times out of the total 40 data. The

fourth is particular occasion (PO) which only occurs 3 times out of 40 data. The fifth

(G), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional status (TS), and race (R) which is

never used by the characters of the movie.

The social factor of address terms which mostly influences the use of address

terms by the characters is degree of intimacy (DI). In this kind of settings, first name

is usually used to address someone as it indicates equality and familiarity. By using

this type of address terms, it is regarded as a sign of considerable intimacy. Degree of

intimacy (DI) is dominantly performed by the characters since the settings of the

conversations mostly take place in a house. In a house, the interactions between the

members of the family are mostly depicted.

B. Discussion

This section presents the discussion of the research based on the research

findings in the previous section and the problem formulations stated in Chapter I.

This section identifies the types and the social factors of address terms employed by

the characters in The Theory of Everything movie.

1. Types of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of Everything Movie

This part contains the explanations of the data findings in reference to the data

analysis. There are seven types of address terms which emerged in the conversation

between the characters in The Theory of Everything movie. Each of them contains several particular forces. All are discussed as follows:

a. First name (FN)

First name is simply how people address other people by their first name. The

use of first name in daily conversation is affected by some factors. Sometimes, people

use first name to show intimacy or to show superiority. The social factors that usually

govern the choice of first name are social status (SS), age (A), and degree of intimacy

(DI). As shown in Table 2, there are 23 occurrences of first name found in the movie.

The first evidence of first name (FN) performed by the character in the movie can be

seen in the conversation below.

It is clear that the example above shows that Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen

Hawking using “Stephen” which belongs to first name (FN) type. Stephen arrives late

to Dennis Sciama’s class. Then, Stephen sets two train timetables on the table. One of

several physicists pushes the train timetables down the desk. Sciama picks them up

and looks at the timetables. Unexpectedly, they are filled with tiny formulas and

calculations. Sciama registers growing amazement and everyone staring at Stephen.

In this dialogue, Dennis Sciama addresses his student, Stephen, by using first name (4: 01)

(Stephen arrives late)

Dennis Sciama : Have you even bothered, Stephen? Stephen Hawking : Uh…sorry.

(Stephen sets two train timetables on the table. Others push the timetables down the desk to Sciama, who picks them up.)

Dennis Sciama : Right. Train timetables?

Sp : Dennis Sciama

(FN). He always addresses Stephen by using first name (FN) in their communication.

It was used to show power differential rather than intimacy.

The next conversation written below also shows another first name (FN)

performed by the character.

The second example is a conversation between Stephen Hawking and Dennis Sciama.

Dennis Sciama is Stephen’s lecturer in Cambridge University. In this meeting,

Sciama asks Stephen about his dissertation’s topic research. Stephen has been not

thinking about the research topic. Then, Sciama invites him to a laboratory where JJ

Thomson discovered the electron and where Rutherford split the atom. After that,

Sciama leaves him alone in the laboratory. Stephen looks around at the empty lab.

Then, he goes to the blackboard. He picks up a piece of chalk and then he begins to

study. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses his student, Stephen, by using

first name. First name is chosen by Dennis Sciama to show power difference. In the (4: 02)

Dennis Sciama : Ah, Stephen, take a seat. I wanted to talk to you about your subject. We’re all rather concerned as to what it’s going to be.

Stephen Hawking : I can’t decide.

Dennis Sciama : Do you have any ideas? Stephen Hawking : Umm – no.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

school system, teachers/lecturers always have higher power than the students because

they are the ones who educate the students.

Another example of first name (FN) is provided below.

The last example is a conversation between Phillipa and Stephen. The above dialogue

occurs in Hawking family’s dining room. Phillipa is Stephen’s younger sister. The

topic of the conversation is about Stephen who did not believe in God. However,

everything has changed since Stephen met Jane. Stephen often comes to the church to

meet Jane. Jane is a religious woman. She comes to the church in every Sunday

morning. In the conversation, it is seen that Phillipa addresses her brother by using

first name (FN) to show an intimacy between them as brother and sister.

b. Title with last name (TLN)

Title with last name is often used by people in their daily conversation.

Different types of address terms have different meaning which also indicates equality

or inequality between people. For example, the use of title with last name indicates

inequality power between the speaker and the addressee. It can also be used to show (4: 03)

Phillipa Hawking : So Stephen, you’ve been to church with a good woman. Are you feeling holier than thou?

Stephen Hawking : Positively saintly, thank you.

Sp : Phillipa Hawking

respect toward the addressee. People who have high status usually receive title with

last name when they are being addressed by people who have lower status. As shown

in Table 2, there are 4 occurrences of title with last name found in the movie. The

datum presented below is the example of title with last name uttered by the character.

The above example takes place in the seminar room of Cambridge University. Dennis

Sciama, as a speaker in tutorial, gives an exercise to his several young physicists.

Meanwhile, Stephen reads a chess book that lies on his lap out of his sight under the

table. Dennis Sciama, with a wicked smirk on his face, passes out a set of

mathematical problems to Stephen. Then, Stephen looks up and crumples the paper in

his pocket. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last

name, Mr. Hawking. Although the form of title with last name is used correctly by

the addresser, the context of title with last name in the conversation is inappropriate.

The use of inappropriate title with last name here is likely caused by Dennis Sciama (4: 04)

Dennis Sciama : Well, then, here we are. A little challenge for you all, as you embark on your separate doctoral journeys – whatever they may be, Mr. Hawking.

Something to separate the men from the boys—the wheat from the chaff—the mesons from the pi mesons—the quarks from the quacks.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

is attempting to snap at Stephen. Stephen is busy reading a chess book instead of

paying attention on him.

Another dialogue containing title with last name (TLN) is presented below.

The above conversation takes place in a seminar room of Cambridge University. This

conversation occurs between Professor Sciama and Professor Thorne. They are

Stephen’s dissertation examiners. Before they give Stephen a time to prove his

research, they have rights to give any questions and suggestions according to

Stephen’s dissertation. In this conversation, Dennis Sciama addresses Kip Throne by

using title with last name (TLN), Professor Throne, since they are in a formal

occasion and institution. Moreover, title with last name (TLN) also used to show

respect toward Kip Throne as a lecturer.

c. Title only (T)

If a speaker addresses someone by title only, it means that he/she uses the

most formal address term. The use of title only in addressing someone is a sign that (4: 05)

Dennis Sciama : So, in summary. As we know, chapter one—full of holes and lacks mathematical support.

(to Kip Throne) Professor Thorne?

Kip Throne : Chapter two—not really original—uses a lot of Roger’s ideas.

Penrose : Chapter three? Too many unanswered questions.

Sp : Dennis Sciama

the speaker and the addressee do not have a close relationship or intimacy. Title only

is usually used to show social distance among the speaker and the addressee. Datum

presented below is the example of title only (T) performed by the character.

The above conversation happens in a pub. This conversation occurs between a

bartender and Stephen Hawking. Stephen goes to a pub with his friends to play

pinball. While his friends are playing pinball, Stephen suddenly remembers that Jane

gives a napkin to him. Jane writes her phone number on the napkin. Then, Stephen

decides to make a call with Jane. Stephen asks to the bartender to give his money

change in a coin. Stephen wants to call Jane via payphone.

In this conversation, the bartender addresses Stephen by title only (T). Title

only is the type which bartender is supposed to use. The lower status ones should

respect the ones with higher status as well as to show a social distance. Here, Stephen

as a buyer has higher social status than the bartender. (4: 06)

Stephen Hawking : Can I get two or more please? Bartender : Yeah, sir.

Stephen Hawking : And some change for the payphone. Bartender : Yeah, sir.

Sp : Bartender

Another dialogue containing title only (T) is presented below. It is the

dialogue between Stephen and Sciama.

The above dialogue happens in Sciama’s office. Stephen explains his invention about

black holes. Stephen draws a dot at the blackboard. First, Sciama does not believe

with Stephen’s invention. Then, Sciama starts to believe when slowly Stephen

describes his invention. Sciama is very enthusiastic about it. It made him very

amazed.

Stephen answers Sciama’s command by using title only (T) in order to respect

him as a lecturer. The use of title only also shows social distance among the student

and the lecturer. As a student, Stephen has a lower social status than Sciama.

Furthermore, Stephen uses title only since the context of the conversation is in a

formal occasion and institution. (4: 07)

Stephen Hawking : The universe born from a black hole exploding. Dennis Sciama : Keep going.

Stephen Hawking : Keep going? You mean go further back, Professor? Before the universe began?

Dennis Sciama : Keep going. Develop the mathematics.

Sp : Stephen Hawking

Another dialogue that contains the phenomena of title only (T) is written in

the dialogue below.

The next conversation takes place in Stephen’s house. This conversation occurs

between Stephen and his new nurse, Elaine. Elaine comes to Stephen's house on the

orders of Jane. In this situation, Stephen has to use a wheelchair. His vocal cords are

damaged, so that he cannot speak. Stephen can only write on a paper when he wants

something. Then, Jane asks Elaine to maintain and to care for Stephen. Jane needs a

help from a nurse because she is busy finishing her thesis. Elaine uses title only (T) in

addressing Stephen because there is a different social status between them. Elaine, as

a nurse, has lower status than Stephen as her boss. Title only used in the above

conversation is already an appropriate form. Title only is used to show respect

towards someone with higher power or social status. (4: 08)

Jane Wilde : She’s here. Okay. Promise not to eat her alive…

Elaine : Lovely to meet you, Professor. How are you? My name is Elaine. I’m going to be your nurse, would you like that? Stephen Hawking : (smiling)

Sp : Elaine

d. Last name (LN)

The use of last name in a daily conversation indicates inequality power

between speaker and addressee. People who have more power will be addressed by

title with last name. However, for those people who have less power will be

addressed by their last name. The use of first name and last name may be overlapping

since both of them indicate inequality power between the speaker and the addressee.

The difference between them is that the use of first name may indicate inequality

power and intimacy between the speaker and addressee where last name does not.

However, the use of last name indicates inequality of power between the speaker and

the addressee without containing intimacy. As clearly seen in Table 2, last name (LN)

is not found in this research. Last name never appears in this research because the

settings of the movie mostly took place in a house and in a college area. Although a

college is a place where last name (LN) should exist due to the politeness and respect,

it does not appear in The Theory of Everything movie. e. Special name (SN)

Special name is used in communication between a speaker and an addressee

that has an intimate relationship such as between close friends or members of a team.

Special name is also used as a sign of intimacy. As clearly seen in Table 2, this type

Datum presented below is the example of special name (SN) performed by the

character.

The example above occurs in Stephen’s dormitory. Stephen has just come out from

the hospital. Brian comes to the Stephen’s room to see what happens with his best

friend. Brian is shocked when Stephen tells what happens with him. Stephen gets

angry when Brian asking too many questions about his disease. Then, he asks Brian

to leave the room. Brian addresses Stephen by using special name (SN), “Steve”. It

indicates that they have a close relationship as close friends. Moreover, the

conversation takes place in an informal situation that did not required formality. (4: 09)

Stephen Hawking : I have two years to live.

Brian : Sorry? You were fine a couple of days ago. Steve? You’re fine. What did they say?

Stephen Hawking : Will you leave me Brian?

Sp : Brian

The next conversation written below also shows another phenomena of

special name (SN) performed by the character.

The above example occurs in a car when Stephen and family are on the way going

back to home. Jane feels angry and disappointed. She tells Stephen that their family is

not good. She needs a help to take care of their children and her husband. She has

difficulty in working on her thesis. However, Stephen is always trying to convince

that their family is fine and does not need some helps.

In the conversation, it is seen that Stephen addresses his son by using special

name (SN), “Robbie”, to show an intimacy. It indicates that they have a close

relationship as father and son. Moreover, the conversation took place in an informal

situation that did not required formality.

f. Pet name (PN)

The use of pet name in a daily conversation indicates a very close

relationship. People usually use this type to address someone who has a close

relationship with them. It is originally used as intimacies within the family circle. (4: 10)

Jane Wilde : I need help.

Stephen Hawking : Everything is fine. We’re just a normal family. Jane Wilde : We’re not a normal family!

Stephen Hawking : Robbie—your mother’s very angry at me. Sp : Stephen Hawking

This type is sometimes used by a couple who have their own nickname to the one

they love, like sweetie or sweetheart. Pet name is a type of address terms that is rarely used in formal situations like in a college. As clearly seen in Table 2, this type does

not appear. The use of pet name is usually appearing in the conversation in which the

participants are family member or a couple. Even if there are several conversations

taking place in a house, this type is not applied in the movie.

g. Kinship term (KT)

Commonly, people use kinship terms to address their family. For example,

father, mother, grandma, grandpa, etc. Since the settings of the conversations are

mostly taken in a family home, there are several kinship terms found in the analysis.

Datum presented below is the example of kinship term (KT) performed by the

character.

The above example is a conversation between Robert, Jane, and Stephen. This

conversation takes place in Stephen Hawking’s house. Robert and Jane give a small

surprise to Stephen. Jane buys a new electric wheelchair to her husband. Jane also (4: 11)

Robert : Surprise! Look Daddy! Look!

Jane Wilde : That is an electric wheelchair. We can take it back, if you don’t like it.

Stephen Hawking : (smiling)

Sp : Robert

AT/S-44/ P74/D-28

[INT. LIVING ROOM, STEPHEN HAWKING FAMILY HOME]

(Stephen gloomily reads a newspaper with the help of a reading frame, when Jane enters.) JANE: She’s here. Okay. Promise not to eat her alive…

ELAINE: Lovely to meet you, Professor. How are you? My name is Elaine.

I’m going to be your nurse, would you like that? (He stares at her…)

28a  

The conversation takes place in Stephen’s house. The conversation occurs between Stephen and his new nurse, Elaine. Elaine comes to Stephen's house on the orders of Jane. In this situation, Stephen has to use a wheelchair. His vocal cords are damaged, so that he cannot speak. Stephen can only write on a paper when he wants something. Then, Jane asks Elaine to maintain and to care for Stephen. Jane needs a help from a nurse because she is busy finishing her thesis. Elaine uses title only (T) in addressing Stephen because there is a different social status between them. Elaine, as a nurse, has lower status than Stephen. Title only (T) used in the above conversation is an appropriate form. Title only (T) is used to show respect towards someone with higher power or social status. In addition, Stephen using first name (FN) in addressing Elaine since he has a higher status than Elaine.

107

Code Dialogue

Da

tu

m Types Social Factors

Explanation F N T L N

T L N S N P N K T P O S

S G A F R

O H

T S R

D I

AT/S-44/ P74/D-28

[INT. LIVING ROOM, STEPHEN HAWKING FAMILY HOME]

(Stephen gloomily reads a newspaper with the help of a reading frame, when Jane enters.) JANE: She’s here. Okay. Promise not to eat her alive…

ELAINE: Lovely to meet you, Professor. How are you? My name is Elaine.

I’m going to be your nurse, would you like that? (He stares at her…)

28b  

The conversation takes place in Stephen’s house. The conversation occurs between Stephen and his new nurse, Elaine. Elaine comes to Stephen's house on the orders of Jane. In this situation, Stephen has to use a wheelchair. His vocal cords are damaged, so that he cannot speak. Stephen can only write on a paper when he wants something. Then, Jane asks Elaine to maintain and to care for Stephen. Jane needs a help from a nurse because she is busy finishing her thesis. Elaine uses title only (T) in addressing Stephen because there is a different social status between them. Elaine, as a nurse, has lower status than Stephen. Title only (T) used in the above conversation is an appropriate form. Title only (T) is used to show respect towards someone with higher power or social status. In addition, Stephen using first name (FN) in addressing Elaine since he has a higher status than Elaine.

Code Dialogue

Da

tu

m Types Social Factors

Explanation F

N T L N

T L N

S N

P N

K T

P O

S

S G A F R

O H

T S R

D I

AT/S-45/ P76/D-29

[INT. BACKYARDS, STEPHEN HAWKING FAMILY HOME]

(Jane can’t fail to see how enthralled Elaine is.) Elaine: And he’s the perfect patient. Looking after him is so much easier than other patients I’ve had. And sooo funny –

Jane: (cutting her off)

You only do two shifts a week, Elaine!

29  

The conversation takes place in Stephen Hawking’s house. Elaine is Stephen’s new nurse. She is happy to have a good patient like Stephen. Elaine praises Stephen’s intelligence to Jane, but Jane does not like to hear Elaine’s statement. Stephen feels more comfortable when he treated by his nurse rather than his own wife. Thus, Jane feels jealous with Elaine. As a boss, Jane uses first name (FN) to address Elaine. Elaine, as a nurse, has lower status than Jane Wilde.

109

Code Dialogue

Da

tu

m Types Social Factors

Explanation F N T L N

T L N S N P N K T P O S

S G A F R

O H

T S R

D I

AT/S-47/ P79/D-30

[INT. LIVING ROOM, STEPHEN HAWKING FAMILY HOME]

(Elaine opens his letters and looks at him.) (Elaine picks up, from the mail, a sealed copy of Penthouse Magazine.)

(The mail addressed to Kip Thorne/Stephen Hawking.)

ELAINE: (surprised) Professor?

(Stephen looks over at her – sees the magazine that Elaine, smiling, is starting to unwrap.)

STEPHEN: It is for a friend.

ELAINE: Course it is. That’s what they all say. You don’t have to be embarrassed around me, Professor. I know what men are like.

30  

One day, there is a mail for Stephen Hawking. Elaine opens the mail. She is surprised since the mail is about an adult magazine. Then, she gives it to Stephen. In the conversation, Elaine uses title only (T) in addressing Stephen since he has a higher status than her.

AT/S-50/ P88/D-31

[INT. HALLWAY/COCKROFT LECTURE ROOM/CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY]

(Stephen, accompanied by Elaine, motors down the hallway.)

(Fans and press waiting at the doorway to the auditorium.)

(Sciama now steps forward, to applause.) SCIAMA: I first met the professor in 1963. Now there you are. Time!

Where does it go? It has been one of the great joys of my life to watch this man defy every

expectation, both scientific and personal. Please welcome onto the stage my esteemed colleague, my friend, Professor Hawking. (As Stephen motors onto the stage, to applause.)

31  

In the end, Stephen becomes a new rock star. He successfully proved his time invention and wrote it into a book entitled “Brief History”. Stephen makes a mini seminar about his book. The seminar has opened by Dennis Sciama, his lecturer. Dennis Sciama addresses Stephen by title with last name (TLN), Professor Hawking, since they are in a formal occasion. Moreover, Dennis Sciama wants to show their close relationship as friend although they are a lecturer and a student.