e. The Psychological Approach
The focus of this approach is to identify any aspects of psychology underlying a certain element of a literary work. The theory of human psychology is used
in this approach to analyze the character’s behavior, motivation, and personality pattern that can be interrelated to the psychology of human being.
This psychology approach involves efforts to locate and demonstrate a recurrent pattern. Therefore, this approach gives a deeper understanding in
analyzing character’s thought and how it influences the behavior pattern. One thing that should always be our consideration is that every approach
has its own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. Not all approaches can be applied to a certain literary work. In contrast, no single approach will suit to all
kinds of literary work. Therefore, this is our responsibility to determine what kind of approach that will lead us to have a better understanding and comprehension of
a literary work. We must be able to choose the most appropriate approach that will be the best suit to our analysis.
4. Motivation
People may think that motivation and emotion are the same terms since they both direct us to conduct actions. However, they cannot be interpreted as the
same. They are so closely related, but they are different. Morris 408 defines motive as an inner directing force, a need, or a want that arouses the organism and
directs behavior toward a goal. While emotion refers to the experience of such feelings as fear, joy, surprise, or anger. Like motives, emotions also activate and
affect behavior. However, it is more difficult to predict what kind of behavior will
result from emotion. In contrast, it is clearly seen that a motive will result a goal- directed behavior.
Kalish 30 states that motivation is a concept, not a thing. It cannot be seen, heard, or even touched. However, it is able to direct us to a certain behavior.
He explains that motivated behavior is a behavior set into motion by a need. A need indicates that some type of satisfaction is lacking and implies that the
organism is activated to reduce the dissatisfaction. All human behavior is motivated, even if the person is not necessarily aware of his motives at the time of
behavior. This motivation is strong enough to activate goal-seeking behavior, which begin with agitated feelings and end with behavior that satisfied person’s
need. In addition, the more motivated a person is, the harder he will work to satisfy his need.
According to Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc, Blake, Lo Piccolo, Holahan, and Scarr 367 human behavior is organized and guided by some purposes and it
leads to some end state, which may be a goal or the satisfaction of some needs. The dynamic behavior that gives its organization over time and that defines its end
state is called a motive, and the corresponding process is called motivation. Another definition of motivation is proposed by Jung. Jung 4 states that
motivation refers to such diverse states as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Here, motives are referred to the causes or reasons that
underlie a given behavior. Jung also points out that motivation involves the persistence of behavior over time so that sustained efforts can occur even if
obstacles or setbacks occur. In addition, Worchel and Shebilske categorize motive
into two groups. The first is primary motives. They concern biological needs that are considered as vital and for survival. They include hunger, thirst, the need for
air, rest, and sexual desire. The second group consists of social motives. These motives come from learning and social interaction. They include the needs for
affiliation, aggression, and achievement. In summary, motivation can be defined as a specific need, desire, or want
that arouse and direct behavior toward a goal. This need, desire, or want will make people keep their efforts to achieve their goals. When a person has already set his
motivation up, efforts can occur even if obstacles and difficulties also occur in his life. Motivation is also able to lead people behave in certain actions that support
them in achieving their goals. Therefore, by being motivated, it will keep people struggling in accomplishing their goal.
5. Hierarchy of Needs
