CLARE’S REBELLION AS THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD’S TREATMENTS SEEN IN CONSTANCE BRISCOE’S UGLY

  CLARE’S REBELLION AS THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD’S

TREATMENTS SEEN IN CONSTANCE BRISCOE’S UGLY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

MARCELLINA YULIANA

  Student Number : 064214026

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2010

   

  

CLARE’S REBELLION AS THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD’S

TREATMENTS SEEN IN CONSTANCE BRISCOE’S UGLY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

MARCELLINA YULIANA

  Student Number : 064214026

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2010

  “If I am not for myself, who will be for me? If I am not for others, what am I? And if not now, when?” (Rabbi Hillel)

  “Yesterday’s the past, tomorrow’s future, but today is a gift. That’s why it’s called the present.” (Bill Keane)

  v This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to:

My Beloved Mother and Father

My Brothers My Dear ‘Dul’

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing and grace He gives me every time. He is the only One who could make all of this happens.

  My deep gratitude is for my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,

  

M.Hum for being so patient in reading and correcting the mistakes in this

  undergraduate thesis. I am indebted to his priceless time, ideas, and encouragement during the process of this undergraduate thesis writing. My gratitude is also for Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed., my co-advisor, in helping me by giving me some corrections, and advices to complete my thesis writing. This thesis will not be complete without her suggestions. I also thank to all lecturers who have supplied what I need to work on this undergraduate thesis and the English Letters Department staffs for being so helpful in the process of my study. I thank to the Library staff for being so helpful in providing me a comfortable place in the process of thesis writing.

  My deepest gratitude is especially for my father, Andreas Sukadiyanto and my mother, Christina Norma Mariana for their love, time support, patience, and prayer. I am grateful to Lord because I have both of you as my parents. Thank you for always loving me. I also thank my brothers, Andi and Rico for the support they have given me. We should prove to the world that we can do everything.

  I give my special thank my Dul, Agung Timor who gives me big love and support in my life’s journey. You are a wonderful blessing for me. Thank you for accompanying me from the start until the end and for giving me a lot of precious moments in my life. vii

  For my best friends who are always there with me Sella, Arum, and Elok, thank you for everything that we share, for all support and for accompanying me in the Library. I have a lot of GREAT moments with all of you. I could not make it without all of you. Let’s start to be a real Backpacker and show to the world that we can do it.

  I would like to thank my brother, Mas tio for being so patient in reading and correcting the mistakes in this undergraduate thesis.

  I would like to express my thanks to my friends “Class A of 2006”: thank you for all the great memories, thank you for togetherness that we have, thank you for all support to me.

  Thank you for the people who I can not mention one by one who have helped me in writing this thesis. God Bless you all.

  Marcellina Yuliana

   

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE……………………………………. ……………………………………………i APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………………...……..ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………………...............iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN………………………………………………..iv MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………v DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………………………….………vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….......vii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………ix ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….……….x ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………………………xi

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………………………...............1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………………….............5 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………….....................6 D. Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………..............6 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW…………………………………………..............8 A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………………………................8 B. Review of Related Theories………………………………………………................13

  1. Theory on Character and Characterization………………………………………..13

  2. Theory on Child Abuse…………………………………………………………....15

  2. Theory of Personality Development………………………………………………16

  C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………...............19

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………….20 A. Object of the Study………………………………………………………………….20 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………………………….....21 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………………................22 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………..............25 A. Clare Briscoe’s Personality Portrayed in the Novel…..……………………..............25 B. People’s Treatments toward Clare Briscoe………………………………................36 C. The Influence of Other People’s Treatments on Clare’s Personality Development…48 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................59 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................63 APPENDIX: Summary of Ugly: the Story of Loveless Child………………………………....66

  ix

  

ABSTRACT

  MARCELLINA YULIANA. Clare’s Rebellion as the Effect of Childhood’s

  

Treatments. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2010.

  This thesis discusses Constance Briscoe’s novel entitled Ugly. This novel tells about the life of Clare Briscoe that is full of sorrow. All the sorrow in her life is caused by the bad treatments on the childhood from people in her surrounding. This thesis will analyze the influence of the people’s treatments to Clare’s personality especially to her rebellion.

  The aim of this study is to find the influence of the treatments that is given by people in Clare’s childhood on her personality development and Clare’s rebellion. The objective will be fulfilled by analyzing the characteristics of Clare and identifying the childhood treatments that are experienced by Clare on her childhood.

  In the analysis, the writer uses library research method. This study applies three main theories to answer the problem proposed in the problem formulation. They are theories of character and characterization, theories on child abuse and theories on personality development. The writer uses psychological approach in analyzing novel because the focus of this study is the main character’s psychological aspects.

  The result of the analysis shows that Clare Briscoe’s personality changes. The changes are caused by the bad treatments on her childhood from people in her surrounding. They did not treat Clare well in her childhood. Clare was a passive and pessimistic girl when she was child. People in Clare’s childhood have their own label for Clare. Clare was an ugly and idiot girl for them. They often did sexual, psychological, and physical abuse toward Clare. All those bad treatments lead Clare to her active action to rebel. The great pressures on her childhood change Clare to be a smart, a hard working, a brave girl, and an optimistic girl in facing everything in her life. It can be concluded that Clare’s experience in her childhood with people in her surrounding influence her personality development. x

   

  

ABSTRAK

  MARCELLINA YULIANA. Clare’s Rebellion as the Effect of Childhood

  

Treatments. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

Sanata Dharma, 2010.

  Tesis ini membahas novel karya Constance Briscoe yang berjudul Ugly. Novel ini menceritakan tentang kehidupan Clare Briscoe yang dipenuhi dengan kesedihan. Semua kesedihan di dalam hidup Clare disebabkan oleh perlakuan yang kurang baik dari orang-orang di sekitarnya pada masa kecil. Tesis ini akan membahas pengaruh perlakuan tersebut terhadap kepribadiannya khususnya terhadap kebebasannya.

  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan pengaruh dari perlakuan yang diberikan orang-orang di sekitar Clare pada masa kecil terhadap perkembangan kepribadian Clare dan kebebasannya. Tujuan ini akan terpenuhi dengan meneliti sifat-sifat Clare dan mengenali perlakuan yang diterima oleh Clare pada masa kecil.

  Di dalam pembahasan, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka. Penelitian ini menerapkan tiga teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan- pertanyaan yang dikemukakan di dalam perumusan masalah. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori tokoh dan penokohan, teori kekerasan pada anak dan teori perkembangan kepribadian. Penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena fokus penelitian ini adalah membahas tentang aspek psikologi dari tokoh utamanya.

  Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepribadian Clare Briscoe mengalami perubahan. Perubahan ini disebabkan oleh perlakuan buruk dari orang- orang di sekitar pada masa kecilnya. Mereka tidak memperlakukan Clare dengan baik selama masa kecil. Ketika masih kecil, Clare dikenal sebagai gadis kecil yang pasif dan pesismis. Orang-orang di masa kecilnya mempunyai label sendiri bagi Clare. Clare adalah gadis jelek dan idiot bagi mereka. Mereka sering melakukan kekerasan seksual, psikologis dan fisik. Semua perlakuan buruk tersebut membawa Clare berubah menjadi seorang gadis yang aktif untuk memberontak. Tekanan besar pada masa kecil merubah Clare menjadi gadis yang cerdas,seorang pekerja keras, pemberani dan gadis yang optimis dalam menjalani hidupnya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengalaman Clare di masa kecil dengan orang-orang disekitarnya mempengaruhi keprbadiannya saat ini. xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Every human in this world has experiences. Several people will experience

  happiness while the others will not. The way someone shares his or her experiences is also different. Someone prefers to tell their experience directly or writing on the media. An author uses his or her work as the medium to express his or her experiences, feeling, and idea. It means that literary works can deal with human’s thought experiences, feeling, and idea. Hudson points out that,

  Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experience of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have most immediate and enduring interest for all of us, it I thus fundamentally an experience of life trough the medium of language

  (1958: 10) Literature can be a mirror of human’s life and literature cannot be separated from human life. Similar to human’s life that has character or characters that experience a life, a literary work also has character or characters to show the author’s idea. The character or characters may be shown by several ways. One of the ways is by looking at the past life. Someone’s past life can shape his or her nature. The character’s past life can be found out by observing the author’s direct explanation, the character’s thought, and the conversation of other characters. The writer is interested in the past life of the character in the novel, especially on the character’s childhood.

  Sometimes the influence of childhood experiences can not be seen clearly because some experiences are embarrassing or painful and will be hidden. They become a private world and private personality. A private personality is difficult to be revealed. In cases, an author shares these experiences through his or her literary works.

  Rita L. Atkinson, Richard C. Atkinson, Ernest R. Hilgard in their book

  Introduction to Psychology say that,

  Because private personality is difficult to study, Psychologist have tended to focus on the public personality leaving the private personality for the novelist, a biographers to analyze and describe (1981: 146). Childhood experiences as a part of human’s development, have a role to shape later personality of people. According to Hurlock in Personality

  Development (1974: 233-234 ), basically human’s development is influenced by

  two factors of early experiences: home experiences, and experiences outside the home. We can state that childhood experiences are influenced by families, and outside environment. Families’ treatment will become the first personality determiner in someone’s future. Someone’s past life will always be related to their family, how they grow in a family. The outside environment then becomes the next determiner of children’s personality. If the children are lack of love from their parent, they may develop unhealthy interpersonal modes . Family is the first place for children to grow up. According to Hurlock, a child’s behavior is marked by family. The family’s condition will influence the personality development of children.

  The child’s attitude and behavior are marked by the family into which he is born and in which he grows up. Because the home is the child’s first environment. It sets the pattern for his attitudes toward people, things, and life in general (1974: 514).

  In the Family, a mother becomes the important figure in shaping the children’s personality. Her treatment from the baby up to adult will influence the children personality. Mother is not only giving influence in her children’s childhood but also in the future life of them. There will be an effect from mother’s treatment toward her children. The childhood experience especially mother’s treatment in the childhood also shown in Briscoe’s Ugly. Ugly is a novel and an autobiography of Constance Briscoe, black British child. According to Stone in

  The American Autobiography , an autobiography as a type of writing has been

  widely accepted in the field of literature. However, many scholars still debate upon this classification, whether to put it as a factual or fictive work. There is no really opposite to the argument because the other existing argument says that autobiography is simultaneously fact and fiction. This side argues that the language of autobiography points both outward to the world of remembered experience and inward to a reflective consciousness. Dealing with experience, it is fact, but with reflective consciousness it can be fiction since it may not be felt the same with the occurrence of the experience (1981: 7)

   Ugly which is written by Constance Briscoe is the story of an anxious

  child born into a mixed race family. She becomes object of violent of the hands of her mother, Carmen Briscoe and her mother’s boyfriend, Eastman. She is regularly bullied and beaten up, subjected to verbal abuse and treated like a slave within her own home. The main reason of beating her daughter is because

  Constance is bed wetter and she was born as a Black British different with other siblings who are mixed. Because of that, she gets different treatment from her mother. She has a very hard childhood due to her mother’s treatment. Her mother abuses her both mentally and physically.

  This young girl is subjected to abuse that will sting wide eyes scanning the pages, one of the main most vocal reasons is because a mother cannot believe she has born something so ugly. So too, young black women on our streets and in the media are condemned and targeted as the less beautiful woman amongst the various types approaching in all forms, shapes and shades. The black woman as ever is seldom signified as an object of beauty (Natalie Campbell://www.helium.com/knowledge /48598-book-reviews ugly-by-constance-).

  Someone’s past life cannot be separated from his or her childhood experience. Talking about childhood experience especially the bad one always relates with someone psychology. Every little thing that happened in the past will influence the growth of someone’s psychology in the future. Watson and Lindgren in their book Psychology of the Child agree with it. They describe that what someone has in the future often depend on what he or she experience in his or her past life.

  We realize that we are more that we were birth, and our exploration of the event and experiences of infancy and childhood holds the promise of filling in the gap between ourselves at birth and what we are today. We examine the accounts of these events and experience in search of ourselves, in search of explanations for our success and failure, our inhibition and capacities, our potentialities for pleasure and sorrow

  (1973: 6).

  In this world there will be two opposite things, good and bad. Something, that is good or bad, has its own cause in the former. The writer believes that there is always a cause and effect. Someone cannot escape from this “cause and effect”. The story of the novel that is used by the writer as the main source shows a cause and effect. There is the effect of something that happened in the past to Clare’s future. There are changes in Clare’s personality. From the explanation above the writer wants to reveal “the cause and effect” in the novel. The effect can be positive and negative. The effect might be an action to change the situation or free from the situation. One action that will be focused by the writer is an action that is called rebellion.

  In other words, the writer tries to relate literature and psychology. Psychology things may be presented in the literary work. Wellek and Waren in their book Theory of Literature state that literary works relation to psychology means studying theory of psychology that may present within works of literature (1956: 81).

  All of the explanation above shows that the topic is worth studying. The . writer use psychological approach in analyzing the novel   That approach is the most suitable one because it deals with one’s personality development and the topic that writer chooses is the rebellion as the effect of childhood’s treatment seen in Constance Briscoe’s Ugly. Hopefully the readers get some benefit from this analysis.

B. Problem Formulation

  These are the problems or questions which are formulated on this undergraduate thesis:

  1. How is Clare’s personality portrayed in the story?

  2. What are the treatments Clare received in her childhood?

  3. How do the treatments in the childhood influence Clare’s personality development?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  The objectives of this study are firstly to observe the characterization of Clare as the main character. Theory of characterization by Murphy will be used in this step. The personality will be analyzed from the nine ways, personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life , conversation of other, reactions, direct comment, thought and mannerism.

  Secondly this study tries to examine the most important treatments that Clare received in her childhood. There are people who give strong influence to Clare’s personality that lead her to rebellion: Clare’s family, Clare’s teacher and Clare’s friends.

  Thirdly, the study analyses the influence of Clare’s childhood treatments on her personality. The writer will apply the theory of psychology on personality development.

  D. Definition of Terms

  This part will give brief explanation of some terms that are used in this thesis in order to guide the reader to understand this thesis. There are three terms which are needed to define in this thesis

1. Childhood

  According Paul Monroe in his book Encyclopedia of Psychology of

  Education , Childhood is a period during which individuality develops rapidly

  (2001: 101). According to Reber in his book, The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology , childhood is a period between infancy and adolescence (1995:122).

  According to Hurlock in her book Child Development, childhood is a period between two years to adolescence.

  2. Personality

  According to Arthur S. Reber’s The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, personality means a simple description of an individual’s characteristic modes of behaving, perceiving and thinking (1995:312)

  3. Rebellion

  Based on The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of , Rebel as a verb means to resist any authority or established

  the English Language

  usage or to react with violence aversion. The word Rebel as a noun means one who rebel. And Rebellion means the act of rebelling. (1996: 1051)

  4. Treatment

  Based on The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of , Treat means to conduct oneself toward in a specified

  the English Language

  manner, and to subject to chemical or physical action. The word treatment means the act, mode, or process of treating anything, as a raw, material, substance or product (1996: 1336-1337).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Theories and other works are vey helpful for the writer to accomplish this

  thesis. There are some reviews that discuss about Briscoe’s novel Ugly and others that are very helpful in the process to finish this thesis.

  Constance Briscoe was one of the first black female judges in Britain. She’s well known with her book Ugly. Dennis Loy Johnson states in Moby lives newspaper,

  Constance Briscoe was one of the first female black judges in Britain, and recently she’s become as well known for her misery memoirs. Her autobiography, published in three parts by Hodder, has sold incredibly well: nearly 600,000 copies of the first book in the UK

  (http//www.mobilivesnewsguardian.co.uk).

   Ugly written by Constance Briscoe is a true story of Constance Briscoe or

  often called as Clare in this novel. Ugly is a story about young girl who is abused mentally and physically by her mother, Carmen Briscoe.

  Ugly: the True Story of a Loveless Childhood is a novel or an

  autobiography about a young girl called Clare who has a very hard childhood because of her mother. Her mother abuses her both mentally and physically (Gray//www.helium.com/knowledge/48598-book-reviews- ugly-by-constance-).

  According to Raymond J. Corsini in his book Encyclopedia of Psychology, Child abuse is defined as the nonaccidental injury of children by their parent or guardian. From ancient to colonial times, children were seen as the property of their parents, who had the legal right to treat or mistreat the children in any way they saw fit (1994: 213).

  Later, Raymond states that most parents who abuse their child carry no serious psychiatric diagnosis, but they do often have difficulty with social relationship and with controlling their temper and impulsive reactions which quickly become violence. Frequently they not only experience considerable stress from the environment, but much more important have difficulty dealing with stress through appropriate nonviolent means (1994: 215).

  Constance Briscoe is black writer. Toni Morison in his book The Bluest

  

Eyes also points on children abuse because of her blackness. Maria Bring in her

  essay Racism within African American Communities in Toni Morrison’s The

  

Bluest Eye and Paradise Lost states the protagonist of The Bluest Eyes is a black

girl called Pecola Breedlove. Pecola is a neglected, abused and even hated child.

  She and everyone around her think that she is ugly and useless (2005: 7).

  The statement above shows that both Toni Morrison and Constance Briscoe wrote the same topic about black girl who is abused by family and judged as ugly girl. Clare has a very difficult childhood because of her mother is not always care and doing her role as a good mother.

  This young girl is subjected to abuse that will sting wide eyes scanning the pages, one of the main most vocal reasons is because a mother cannot believe she has born something so ugly. So too, young black women on our streets and in the media are condemned and targeted as the less beautiful woman among the various types approaching in all forms, shapes and shades. The black woman as ever is seldom signified as an object of beauty. What takes her place in the beauty stakes is the light- skinned or mixed-raced counterpart. If they are, they tend to have less African and more European features; light eyes, weaved or straightened

  European hair, a small nose, etc. This discrimination takes place ominously in the home and on our streets as well, as Constance Briscoe's story shows (Natalie Campbell//www.helium.com/knowledge/48598- book- reviews-ugly- by-constance-).

  The statement states the reason for Clare’s mother to abuse Clare is because she thinks that Clare’s is ugly. The word ugly in the story represents blackness, foolish, and stupid girl. The characteristic of not ugly in Clare Mother’s mind is beauty. White skin represents beauty in her mother’s mind. It becomes a fact that the judgment of someone using skin criteria was still worked in American Society in 1960s. We soon learn Clare Briscoe's ugliness' is based largely upon her Black or African features. Clare’s mother comments on her nose below. But in the middle of this book, there is a fact that Clare is not foolish and stupid as her mother said. The fact that she passes her A-levels and gets into Newcastle University proves that she is not foolish, stupid and ugly.

  Nathalie Campbell review that Ugly is the title of a novel and autobiography, in which Constance Briscoe describes her early life as part of a large family living in London. There are her mother, her dad, her two brothers, her three sisters, an adoptive sister, a stepdad, three half-sisters, a half-brother and lodger. The family makeup changes throughout the years. The abuses changes as well, but not disappear. According to Nathalie Campbell Ugly is a book about child abuse, mainly but solely by Clare’s mother. Clare has coped with somehow being on the receiving end of most of the abuse. The abuse is not only physical, but especially psychological and it leaves deep scares (www.helium.com/knowledge/485 98-book-reviews-ugly-by-constance).

  The fact is Clare always gets physical and mentally abuse in her childhood is the starting points of the writer to analysis this book. The writer is interested in the effect of childhood’s treatments in the later personality. The writer tries to analyze this novel in psychological side. Clare does not only get bad treatments from her mother but she also gets kind treatments from her teacher, Miss K.

  Reading her own interpretation of her childhood was thought provoking, making me stop and think about myself, what I would do if I saw a child present him/herself to me in some of the states Constance did. I realised, especially as a teacher, it can all too often just be easier to ignore what you see – as many of the teachers at her school did as they did not want to get a ‘bad reputation’ for the school. Miss K, her teacher was different and Constance gained so much from this relationship, as did Miss K. Had this been a fiction book the author could have explored Miss K more, but it isn’t and instead I felt I read a wonderful piece of writing that never came across as her feeling sorry for herself for writing it for a specific purpose

  (http://www.ciao.co.uk/Ugly_Constance_Briscoe__6561670).

   Ugly is a controversial autobiography. Constance Briscoe's autobiography, Ugly , makes unproven allegations that have yet to be tested in the courts, of

  extreme physical and emotional abuse at the hands of her mother (http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Constance-Briscoe). Ms Briscoe's autobiographical account of her upbringing has been vigorously challenged by other members of her family. According to the UK newspapers The Daily Mail and The Mail on Sunday, her sisters Patsy and Christine, and her brother Martin, together with half-sister Norma, have disputed Briscoe’s account (http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=405472&i n_page_id=1770).

  According to The Sunday Times , another sister, Cynthia Eastman, also

  th disputes Briscoe's account (The Sunday Times, September 17 2006, Page 7).

  Both newspaper accounts report that Briscoe's mother is represented by solicitor Ade Soyege, of Samuel Ross Solicitors, and that on Friday 15 September 2006, lawyers act for Carmen Briscoe issued proceedings in the High Court in London (http://www.statemaster.com /encyclopedia/Constance-Briscoe).

  Although this book is still in debate, the writer cannot avoid that this is an inspiring novel. Nattinoo states Constance Briscoe's story is an inspiration to anyone. How anyone who suffers such traumas manages to have a successful career and marriage of her own is astonishing. This story tears you apart and then puts you back together again a changed person (http://www.statemaster.com /encyclopedia/Constance-Briscoe).

  Other review states in this book tells us that Ugly is inspiring novel. Marcel Berlins states in The Guardian:

  ‘This is a lawyer’s memoir with a difference, an inspiring antidote to the usual catalogue of tedious milestones towards legal eminence. She’s also managed a rare feat for a lawyer to write an absorbing book in language untainted by convoluted legal speak (http//www.features reviewguardian9

  .co.uk) Lesley Pearse also states in The Guardian online news, ‘Horrific, but remarkable too. Let us hope that Constance’s story will inspire young people every where to not only hold on to their dreams and make them happen, but also to be better parents themselves.’ (http/www.featuresreviewguardian9.co.uk)

  In this under graduated thesis, the writer wants to examine psychological principles in detail through the main character of the novel, Clare, her behavior and her personality development. The writer will explore a psychological issue, a rebellion as the effect of bad treatments in childhood that is reflected by Clare.

B. Review of Related Theories

  In analyzing Ugly, the writer applies two theories. They are theory on character and characterization, and theory on personality development.

1. Theories on Character and Characterization

  Character has an important role in a literary work. In the novel character are the actor and the actress. They reveal the story in action. They give ‘soul’ for story. Meaning to say that character is a significant and an interesting element in the literary work. Abrams in his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms explains that:

  Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with oral, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and what they do- the action- (1985: 23) Character helps the reader to understand the content of the story easily through the character’s dialogue or actions. The author will attempt to make his character understandable and to come and alive for the readers. Murphy’s

  

Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel

for Overseas Students states that the characters and personalities of the people in a

  novel can be understandable by nine ways. There are some examples of the ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to, and come alive for, his readers. (1974: 233-234) a. Personal description.

  The author describes the character by giving a person’s appearance. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes such as his build, his skin-color, his hair or his face. b. Character as seen by another. The author describes the character trough the eye and opinions of another.

  They will give explanations, comments or opinion about what character is like. Their opinions can help the reader to understand a character.

  c. Speech The author can give the reader insight into of one of the persons in the book through what the character says. Whenever a person is speaking, he is giving the reader some clue to his character.

  d. Past life. The author describes the character by giving a clue to event in a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thought, through the conversation or through the medium of another person.

  e. Conversation of others The author can give clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People talk about other people and the things say often give the reader a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

  f. Reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by showing how that person reacts to various situations and events.

  g. Direct comment. The author can be describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts. The author can give direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in the real life. He can tell the reader what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. This reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i. Mannerism. The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character.

2. Theories on Child Abuse

  Pritchard mentions that the precious time of childhood is one should be nurtured by adults (19: 1). Many adults, even parents, do not really take care of children a how it should. They are two types of abuse, namely phsycal abuse and emotional abuse.

  a. Physical Abuse Pritchard proposes physical abuse as severe bruising and fractures caused by blows, head injuries, shaking, eye damage, suffocation, poisoning, and marks by sticks, whips and cords, marks of burning, biting and scalding(19: 1). Commonly, children who experience physical abuse will have the continuing punishment from abusers. Pritchard and Butler say,

  Ironically, as Straus and Gelles how, physically beaten children who act with rebellion and anger are often subject to further, more severe physical punishment. At the extreme they enter a phase self defeating behavior and attribution, in which apparently deviant children are subjected to further punishment and rejection (2003: 13) Physically abuse children will also have increased risk in later life of depressive symptoms, suicidal thought, alcohol abuse, physical abuse of children, and wife beating (2003: 13-14)

  b. Emotional Abuse Based on National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse,

  Emotional abuse is defined as a pattern of behavior that attacks a child’s emotional development and sense of self-worth. It also includes excessive, aggressive, or unreasonable demands that place expectation on child beyond his or her capacity.

  When parents ignore their children, devote little time to the, as they grow older, their poor adjustments frequently lead to mischief (19: 652)

3. Theories on Personality Development

  The characters in a novel have personality, the characteristics that make the imaginary person alive. In the novel, the characters’ personality may change.

  Personality is a psychological pattern of a single person consisting of characteristics, thought, feelings, and behaviors. Personality is dynamic, as it continually existed over time ad situation.

  Kalish mentions that personality is neither a single entity nor a combination of entities, but an organization or a whole. Personality also is organized into a whole (1973:52). So, it is clear that personality is an organization, which can not be divided into parts, and as an organization, every single experience will lead to a change. Every change within a person changes and develops his or her personality. Time and situation differs human’ personality from his past. (1973: 52) According to Hurlock in Personality Development clarifies that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process within and individual. The changing in personality is so because people are not satisfied with their personality. They often desire to change it for the better or to improve it. Furthermore, there are some choices that may be taken: being steady, being better, or being worst because the society has a variety of influences to a personality (1976: 7). According to Hurlock in Personality

  

Development (1974: 233-234 ), basically human’s development is influenced by

  two factors early experiences, home experiences, and experiences outside the home. Or we can say that childhood experiences are influences by families, and outside influences. In other word, children get their early experiences from their home and their parents play important roles in shaping their personality pattern.

  Hurlock proposes that a nice personality becomes the demand of a society and it requires such personality. All of the people want to be the best in all aspects. Some of the time, they want to change their personality to be a better person. It is common that people will never be satisfied with their belongings (1976: 119).

  Early in a child life, he or she would first experience a primary relationship with their parent or caregivers. Hurlock in Child Development states that early social experiences are important in determining what sort of person of adults they will become (1974: 329). Childhood experiences and the memory of these experiences as the years go by leave and indelibly impressions on the individual personality (1974: 732).

  Society will affect the personality development, as it is importance for each of us to feel an acceptance in our environment. A person who felt uncertain condition would tend to criticize others who made him feel this way. In other side, if he felt secured, he would be more tolerant to others. As Hurlock states that an individual’s personality pattern was the product of learning during the course of social relationships with people inside and outside the home (1974: 19). Family took part in developing one’s personality. Family was the closest environment for the children in their first attitudes, as they also got their values and social activities from their family.

  A continuous interaction between environment and heredity determine human development. Atkinson, Atkinson and Hilgard state that, Adult behavior and personality characteristics are influenced by events that occur during the early years of life. The saying “the child is the father of the man” reflects this continuity between childhood and adulthood. Thus, to understand the psychological processes of human adults-their perception, patterns of thinking, motives, emotions, conflicts, and ways of coping with conflicts we need to know how these processes originate and change over time (1981: 61). Development is a lifelong process. Development does not with the attainment of physical maturity. It is continuous process extending from birth through adulthood to old age.

C. Theoretical Framework

  This analysis will take some theories to answer the problem proposed in the problem formulation. There are theories on character and characterization and theories on personality development. This study uses library research method in analyzing the data. Besides using the novel as primary sources of data, this study also uses articles and books that deal with psychology.

  This undergraduate thesis will analyze the main character of the novel, so the analysis needs theories on character and characterization. Theories on character and characterization by M.J Murphy help to examine the characteristics of the main character through the dialogue, actions, and other characters’ opinion about her. All at once, those theories answer the first problem that is stated in problem formulation.