8 Based on the three dimensions of acts above, they show that every
utterance has meaning. It means that speech acts are the acts of communication which is technical term used in linguistics and through learning about speech acts,
we can make many expressions, such as questioning, ordering, making promises, offering, apologizing, etc.
2.3. The Type of Speech Acts
Austin 1962:101 reconsiders the speakers can perform three acts simultaneously. A locutionary act which is the act of saying something in the full
sense of ‘say’. Then, an illocutionary act which is an act performed in saying something, and a perlocutionary act, the act performed by or as a result of saying.
2.2.1. Locutionary Act “Locutionary act is the act of saying something in the full normal sense.”
Austin, 1962:94. The full normal sense includes the utterance of certain noises, the utterance of certain words in a certain construction, and the utterance of them
with a certain sense and reference. Similarly, Yule 1996:48 states that locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic
expression. It means that locutionary act refers to the referential or factual meaning of the sentence which is literal meaning of the actual words.
The example of locutionary act is: He said to me “shoot her” meaning by shoot, kill a person with
a bullet and referring by her. Austin, 1962:101
The example above is the locutionary act. The main focus here is to clarify the example of locutionary act. The utterance ‘Shoot her’ is locutionary act. The
speaker is thereby performing the locutionary act of producing those sounds and saying ‘Shoot her’. It is clear that the utterance ‘Shoot her’ is an act of
pronouncing sound or produces certain sounds with a certain intonation. Shortly, locutionary act is an actual utterance with its obvious meaning.
9 2.3.2. Illocutionary Act
In saying something, people always have intentions on it. Austin 1962:98 says that illocutionary act refers to the fact that when saying something, we
usually say it with some purposes in our mind. It is also the act of doing something, such as offering, apologizing, promising, etc. there are two kinds of
utterances in illocutionary act, they are utterance that is uttered explicitly explicit performative and utterance uttered implicitly implicit performative. Explicit
performative uses performative words in uttering words, while implicit performative does not use performative words in uttering words.
2.3.3. Perlocutionary Act There is yet a further sense in which to perform a locutionary act and an
illocutionary act may also be to perform an act of another kind. Saying something often, or even normally, produce certain consequential effects upon the feelings,
thoughts, or actions of the audience or the speakers Austin, 1962:99. He calls the performance of an act in this kind the performance of a perlocutionary act or
perlocution Austin, 1962:99. Perlocutionary act is simply defined as the effects of the utterance made by
the speaker to the listener. It is the achieving of certain effects by saying something. It means that perlocutionary act is an act performed by saying
something that can give some effects to the hearer. It can persuade someone to do something. Austin cited in Levinson, 1983:236 states that perlocutionary act is
the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance. This means that
perlocutionary act is the effect of illocutinary act, and it produces a certain effect or influence on the hearer. For example, in the utterance:
“It’s cold here” Paltridge, 2000:15 The speaker’s utterance contains such a double meaning. It may means
that the speaker inform that the temperature is cold, but for the hearer it may performs an act as the request to do something, such as turn off the AC. In
conclusion, the perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person.
10
2.4. Felicity Conditions
