A STUDY OF INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE ELIZABETH THE GOLDEN AGE MOVIE

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Chapter I of this research presents such topics as: background of study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Based on Jendra (2010), it is divided into some macro-scopes, such as psycholinguistics (language and psychological problem), anthropolinguistics (language and cultures), and sociolinguistics (language and societies). This study is related to the one of those macro-scopes, that is sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics is a study that analyzes language as a part of social property. Wardhaugh (1986, cited in Jendra 2010) stated that “sociolinguistic is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication”.

Communication takes an important role in society; consequently people who use language in communication should understand to each other about the meaning of the speaker. In the sociolinguistics, the study which explores about meaning is called pragmatics. Jendra (2010) stated that “basically, sociolinguistics and pragmatics share a lot of common interest as both disciplines emphasize the importance of contextual

2

meaning. The meanings entailed and implied in utterances (e.g. speech act) are found especially through analyzing the social context in which conversations take place”.

Pragmatics focuses on speech act. As the highlight in pragmatics, speech acts theory attempts to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers infer intended meaning form what is said.

American language philosopher J.L. Austin (1962) divided speech acts into three basic components, they are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. In this study the writer focuses on indirect speech acts as a part of illocutionary acts. In the other words, it is also called indirect illocutionary acts.

Indirect illocutionary acts is a widely used in conversation for some reasons. Leech (1983) stated that “indirect illocutions tend to be more polite because they increase the degree of optionality, and because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be”.However, politeness is not the only motivation for indirectness. People also use indirect strategies when they want to make their speech more interesting, when they want to reach goals different from their partners or when they want to increase the force of the message communicated.

Unfortunately, using indirect speech act can cause the hearer confused to understand the utterings from indirect speech act said by speakers. In fact, indirect speech acts are ambiguous utterance. Sometimes it makes misunderstanding between speakers and hearer. Messages which are delivered by the speaker are not affectively achieved by the hearer. The hearer may get confusion to interpret what the speaker means. It can cause the speaker does not achieve the purpose of the utterances that he delivered.

3

An effective communication is when a speaker delivers the information and the hearer can catch the point of what the speaker means. If information which is delivered is understandable by the hearer, the speaker will get the feedback from the hearer. However, if communication is misunderstood by the hearer, the speaker cannot reach his purpose. Searle (1979) gave an example of indirect speech acts “Can you reach the salt?”. This sentence does not ask about the hearer’s ability to reach the salt. Based on Searle, the sentence means that the speaker wants the hearer to take the salt for the speaker. Imagine if the hearer does not understand what the speaker means, he will not get the feedback from the hearer. Consequently, it is important for the hearer to understand the intended meaning from the indirect utterances said by the speaker.

The above information is based on the theoritical consideration. Empirically there have been some research findings in the same field. The first research was conducted by Justova (2006) entitled “Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in English”. She focused her study on exchanges of speaker-hearer strategies: direct, direct-indirect, indirect-direct and indirect-indirect. She found that the speakers avoid indirect-direct strategy since a direct response to an indirect strategy may provoke an argument which might be the main reason why the speakers rather choose not to answer directly in this case.

Moreover, according to the reserch done by Zares (2013) entitled “Various Speech Acts in Disclosing Conversational Implicature Among UKM KSR PMI UNIT UNILA Members”, she found that there were three types of speech; direct non-literal speech act, indirect literal speech act, and indirect non-literal speech act. Direct literal speech act cannot

4

be found because it is closely related to the effect of politeness. Thus, the disclosure strategies are more often used indirect or non-literal.

All of those researchers made their research about indirect speech acts, but no one studies specifically about indirect speech acts and its meaning. Moreover, the researchers above analyzed the indirect speech acts in daily speech of nowdays. For example, Justova analyzed directness and indirectness in drama based on Life x 3, a play by Yasmina Reza. Whereas, Zares analyzed various speech acts among the members of UKM KSR PMI Unit in Universitas Lampung.

Conversely, in this study the writer will analyze indirect speech acts contained in

the “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie which is quite different from the two researches before. This movie has setting of time in the English Renaissance (the early new English period). In this period a wave of immigrant Greek scholars came into Europe. They influenced European intellectual life in many fields, one of them is literature. As we know that literature takes an important role in language. So, the writer thinks that it is interesting to know how to use indirect speech acts in that period. Furthermore, its setting of place is in England Kingdom, where English is used as an official language.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulates the problem of research as follow:

1. What are the indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie?

5

2. What are the classifications of indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie?

3. What are the meanings of indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie?

1.3 Purpose of Study

Based on the statement of problems, the researcher formulates the purpose of study as follows:

1. To know the indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie.

2. To know the classifications of indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie.

3. To know the meanings of indirect speech acts used by main characters in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie.

1.4 Signififances of Study

Practically, this study is expected to give explanation about indirect speech act. It is also expected to give contribution to students and lecturers who want to learn about indirect speech act more specific. Moreover, it is also hoped to help the watcher of the movie understand the meaning of indirect speech acts which are contained in the movie.

Theoritically, this study is expected to give useful information for readers, especially in indirect speech act. It is also expected can increase knowledge of indirect speech act for readers.

6 1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the indirect speech acts which are contained in “Elizabeth the Golden Age” movie.

This study is limited on the indirect speech acts which are used by main characters only.

1.6 Definition of Keyterm

There are several key terms wich are clarified in this study. The researcher defines the key terms as follows:

1. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to the society where it is used (Jendra, 2010). It is focused on language as a part of society and culture.

2. Pragmatics is the study of the use of language and the meanings found in it (Jendra, 2010). It is about what is the speaker’s intended meaning.

3. Speech Acts is the act of uttering a particular expression by which the speaker is also actually doing something (Jendra, 2010). In speech acts, someone is doing something through his words.

4. Indirect Speech Acts is an utterance is used to perform a function other than the one listed beside it (on the same line), the result is an indirect speech act (Yule 1996, p.133). It is utterance which has implicit meaning.

5. Ambiguity utterance is the state of having more than one possible meaning (Oxford Dictionary). In this study, the ambiguity has two possibilities meaning caused by indirectness, they are what the speaker intend or the literal meaning.

A STUDY OF INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN

CHARACTERS IN THE

ELIZABETH THE GOLDEN AGE

_MOVIE

THESIS

BY: HENDRIYANI 201010100311091

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

A STUDY OF INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE ELIZABETH THE GOLDEN AGE _MOVIE

THESIS

BY: HENDRIYANI

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

A STUDY OF INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE MAIN

CHARACTERS IN THE

ELIZABETH THE GOLDEN AGE

_MOVIE

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Education Department

BY: HENDRIYANI 201010100311091

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO:

A person who follows a path for acquiring knowledge, Allah

will make easy the passage to Paradise for him.

(Prophet Muhammad SAW)

"Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is

the premise of progress, in every society, in every family"

(Kofi Annan)

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved father and mother,

My beloved brothers,

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... i

LEGALIZATION ... ii

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... iii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Of Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significant of the Study ... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Sociolinguistic ... 7

2.2 Pragmatic ... 7

2.3 Speech Acts ... 9

2.3.1 Kinds of Speech Acts ... 8

2.3.1.1 Locutionary Acts ... 9

2.3.1.2 Illocutionary Acts ... 10

2.3.1.3 Perlocutionary Acts ... 11

2.3.2 Classification of Illocutionary Acts ... 14

2.3.1.3 Claasification Illocutionary Acts by John L. Austin ... 15

2.3.1.3 Classification Illocutionary Acts by John Searle ... 17

2.3.3 Indirect Speech Acts ... 19

vii

2.4 Movie ... 24

2.4.1 Elements of Movie ... 25

2.3.4 Types of Movie ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Resign Design ... 32

3.2 Research Object ... 32

3.4 Data Collection ... 33

3.5 Data Analysis ... 34

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Findings ... 35

4.1.1 Indirect Speech Acts ... 35

4.1.2 Classification of Indirect Speech Acts ... 37

4.1.3 The Meanings of Indirect Speech Acts ... 48

4.2 Discussion ... 62

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusions ... 64

5.2 Suggestion ... 65

References ... 66

Appendix Elizabeth the Golden Age Synopsis ... 68

66

REFFERENCES

Abrams, M. H and Geofrey Harpham G. 2008. A Glossary of Literary Terms (9th Edition). US: Wadsworth publisher.

Ary, Donald et all. 2010 Introduction to Research in Education Eight Edition. Canada: Wadsworth

Austin. J. L. 1962. How to do things with words. London: Oxford University Press. Bordwell, David and Kristin, Thompson. 2008. Film Art (An Introduction). New

York: McGraw-Hill.

Braudy, Leo. Cohen, Marshal. 2009. Film Theory and Criticism Introductory Reading. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brown, P. Grechen. 1980. Characterizing Indirect Speech Acts. America: American Journal of Computational Linguistics.

Cruse, Alan. 2006. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Cruse, D Alan. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University.

Cuddon, J. A. 2013. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.

Elizabeth the Golden Age Script. 2006. (http://download.www.arte.tv/permanent/ u3/koenig/Presseheft_englisch.pdf) downloaded on 30th October 2013.

Elizabeth the Golden Age Synopsis. 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture /film/filmreviews/3668985/Film-reviews-Elizabeth-The-Golden-Age-In-the-Shadow-of-the-Moon-and-Heima.html downloaded on 27 March 2015. George, Elizabeth. 2005. Write Away. United Kingdom: HarperCollins e-books. Grice, Paul. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. London: Harvard University Press. Griffiths, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantic and Pragmatic.

Edinburgt: Edinburgh University Press L.td.

Hornby, A. S. 1995. Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics: The Study of Societies’ Languages. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

67

Justova, Veronika. 2006. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in English. Published Thesis. Brno. Masaryk University.

Klarer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge Publishers.

Leech, Geoffrey N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited.

Sadock, Jerrold. 2010. Speech Acts. (http://hum.uchicago.edu/ck0/kennedy/classes /f07/pragmatics/sadock.pdf) Online Publication downloaded on 8th July 2014. Searle, John R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.

New York: Cambridge University Press.

Vassilou, Andrwe. 2006. Analysing Film Content: A Text-Based Approach. Published Thesis. Guildford. University of Surre.

Vockell, E.L. & Asher, J.W. (1995), Educational research, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Wahyuningsih, Yuni. 2012. Illocutionary acts used by main characters ininkheart movie. Unpublished Thesis. Malang. University of Muhammadiyah Malang Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Blackwell

Publishers.

Yule, George. 1996. The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. Zainun, Marfuah. 2013. An Analysis of Speech Acts Used by Puss in “Puss in Boots”

Film by Chris Miller. Unpublished Thesis. Malang. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO:

A person who follows a path for acquiring knowledge, Allah

will make easy the passage to Paradise for him.

(Prophet Muhammad SAW)

"Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is

the premise of progress, in every society, in every family"

(Kofi Annan)

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved father and mother,

My beloved brothers,

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... i

LEGALIZATION ... ii

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... iii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iv

ABSTRACT ... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Of Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significant of the Study ... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Sociolinguistic ... 7

2.2 Pragmatic ... 7

2.3 Speech Acts ... 9

2.3.1 Kinds of Speech Acts ... 8

2.3.1.1 Locutionary Acts ... 9

2.3.1.2 Illocutionary Acts ... 10

2.3.1.3 Perlocutionary Acts ... 11

2.3.2 Classification of Illocutionary Acts ... 14

2.3.1.3 Claasification Illocutionary Acts by John L. Austin ... 15

2.3.1.3 Classification Illocutionary Acts by John Searle ... 17

2.3.3 Indirect Speech Acts ... 19

vii

2.4 Movie ... 24

2.4.1 Elements of Movie ... 25

2.3.4 Types of Movie ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Resign Design ... 32

3.2 Research Object ... 32

3.4 Data Collection ... 33

3.5 Data Analysis ... 34

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Findings ... 35

4.1.1 Indirect Speech Acts ... 35

4.1.2 Classification of Indirect Speech Acts ... 37

4.1.3 The Meanings of Indirect Speech Acts ... 48

4.2 Discussion ... 62

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusions ... 64

5.2 Suggestion ... 65

References ... 66

Appendix Elizabeth the Golden Age Synopsis ... 68

66

REFFERENCES

Abrams, M. H and Geofrey Harpham G. 2008. A Glossary of Literary Terms (9th Edition). US: Wadsworth publisher.

Ary, Donald et all. 2010 Introduction to Research in Education Eight Edition. Canada: Wadsworth

Austin. J. L. 1962. How to do things with words. London: Oxford University Press. Bordwell, David and Kristin, Thompson. 2008. Film Art (An Introduction). New

York: McGraw-Hill.

Braudy, Leo. Cohen, Marshal. 2009. Film Theory and Criticism Introductory Reading. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brown, P. Grechen. 1980. Characterizing Indirect Speech Acts. America: American Journal of Computational Linguistics.

Cruse, Alan. 2006. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Cruse, D Alan. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University.

Cuddon, J. A. 2013. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.

Elizabeth the Golden Age Script. 2006. (http://download.www.arte.tv/permanent/ u3/koenig/Presseheft_englisch.pdf) downloaded on 30th October 2013.

Elizabeth the Golden Age Synopsis. 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture /film/filmreviews/3668985/Film-reviews-Elizabeth-The-Golden-Age-In-the-Shadow-of-the-Moon-and-Heima.html downloaded on 27 March 2015. George, Elizabeth. 2005. Write Away. United Kingdom: HarperCollins e-books. Grice, Paul. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. London: Harvard University Press. Griffiths, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantic and Pragmatic.

Edinburgt: Edinburgh University Press L.td.

Hornby, A. S. 1995. Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics: The Study of Societies’ Languages. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

67

Justova, Veronika. 2006. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in English. Published Thesis. Brno. Masaryk University.

Klarer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge Publishers.

Leech, Geoffrey N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited.

Sadock, Jerrold. 2010. Speech Acts. (http://hum.uchicago.edu/ck0/kennedy/classes /f07/pragmatics/sadock.pdf) Online Publication downloaded on 8th July 2014. Searle, John R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.

New York: Cambridge University Press.

Vassilou, Andrwe. 2006. Analysing Film Content: A Text-Based Approach. Published Thesis. Guildford. University of Surre.

Vockell, E.L. & Asher, J.W. (1995), Educational research, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Wahyuningsih, Yuni. 2012. Illocutionary acts used by main characters ininkheart movie. Unpublished Thesis. Malang. University of Muhammadiyah Malang Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Blackwell

Publishers.

Yule, George. 1996. The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. Zainun, Marfuah. 2013. An Analysis of Speech Acts Used by Puss in “Puss in Boots”

Film by Chris Miller. Unpublished Thesis. Malang. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.