The Nature of Speaking

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter contains the underlying theories as the basis of conducting this research, and conceptual framework. Concepts related to this research are elaborated in order to support the implementation of this research. Those theoretical concepts will be formulated into conceptual framework that will describe the whole frame in doing this research.

A. Review of related Literature

1. The Theories of Speaking

a. The Nature of Speaking

Brown 2004:40 gives a definition of speaking as productive skill which can be observed both directly or empirically in which the observations are influenced by the accuracy and effectiveness of the students’ listening skills which compromises the reliability and validity of an oral production test. According Nunan 1989:32, in order to have successful oral communication, the speaker should develop: the ability to articulate features of the language comprehensibly; mastery of stress, rhythm, intonation patterns; an acceptable degree of fluency; transactional and interpersonal skills; skills in taking short and long speaking turns; skills in the management of interaction; skills in negotiating meaning; conversational listening skills successful conversations require good listeners as well as good speakers; skills in knowing about and negotiating purpose for conversations, using appropriate conversational formulate and fillers. Referring to the Nunan’s statement above, it is clearly stated that in order to have good oral communication speakers should have such ability. Those abilities can be divided into two which are called as macro and micro skills of speaking There are two basic functions of language than can be classified in most oral communication. The first is transactional language which is aimed for transferring information and interactional language that is intended to maintain social relationship Nunan, 1989:27. Another issue drawn in speaking is the distinction between monologue and dialogue. Both of monologue and dialog require different skill to be able to do those activities. In doing oral communication, the speakers deal with spoken language. Spoken language has different characteristics form written language. Brown and Yule 1983 on Nunan 1989:26 show some characteristics of spoken language which are: - spoken language consists of short or often fragmentary utterances in range of pronunciation, - the speakers often do repetition and overlap each other and the use of non- specific references frequently appeared, - less conceptually dense because it consists of loosely organized syntax, the use of non-specific words and phrases and the use of fillers. In conclusion, speaking is a productive that can be observed directly and empirically and the observation is influenced by the accuracy and fluency of the students’ listening skill. In order to be able to do oral communication, the speaker should develop macro and micro skills of speaking. In oral communication, the speaker may use language to do interactional or transactional communication. Moreover, the characteristics of language used in the oral communication is different from those used in the written communication.

b. Micro and Macro skills of Speaking