do needs analysis. ESP provides guidance to what kinds of need that should be assessed.
b. Needs Analysis
As stated in the definition of ESP that ESP is an approach based on students’ needs, needs analysis is worth to be conducted in order to gather
information of students’ needs. Graves 2000:98 defines needs analysis as a systematic and ongoing process of gathering information about the needs and
preferences of students. The results of needs analysis will be used as a base on determining the content and method in ESP courses so that those can be met the
students’ needs. Hutchinson and Waters 1987:54 categorize needs into two types which
are target needs and learning needs. Target needs concern with what the learners need to do in the target situation, while learning needs concern with what the
learners need to do in order to learn.
1 Target Needs
It is said that target needs is an umbrella term which contain a number of important points such as necessities, lacks and wants Hutchinson and Waters,
1987. Below are the explanations of those three points.
a Necessities
It is the type of needs which contains of what the learner has to know in order to function effectively in the target situation. Nation and Macalister 2010: 24 say
that necessity is something which is necessary for the students’ use of language. Hutchinson and Waters 1987 give an example in term of necessities that a
businessman may need to understand business letter, communicate at sales conferences and soon. Necessities of one student may different from other
students. The example shows that language use needed by student or person is very specific and should be necessary for him doing his field.
In figuring out necessities, Hutchinson and Waters also state that: “It is the matter of observing what situations the learner will need to
function in and then analysing the constituent parts of them” The statement implies that necessity is type of needs which covers language
use needed by the students and the situation needed by the students to use the language.
b Lacks
According to Nation and Macalister 2010, lacks related to the question of “What do the learners lack?”. Identifying lacks has a function to find the gap in
term of students’ knowledge between their current knowledge or what learners know already and what learners do not know yet. Hutchinson and Waters state
1987: 56 that by knowing what students already know can help to decide which of the necessities that the learners lack.
c Wants
Wants refer to what the learners wish to learn Nation and Macalister, 2010. Wants are based on the students’ perception of what will be useful for them in
their learning. It is said in Hutchinson and Waters 1987:56 that learners may have clear idea of the necessities of the target situations. In conclusion, wants is
the necessity which is derived from the students’ point of view in the learning.
2 Learning Needs
Both target needs and learning needs should be taken into consideration in doing needs analysis. Target needs will provide information of what learners do
with language while learning needs will give information of what learners learn to do what they do with language Hutchinson and Waters, 1987.
In conclusion, needs analysis is done in order to find out the target needs and learning needs of the students. This research will use needs analysis from ESP as
the preliminary step in developing materials.
3. Content-Based Instructions
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