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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWS AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
2.1. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents are the parts in the asset element. Cash and Cash Equivalents are the current assets which are categorized
as the operating assets. Cash is the amount of money that is ready to be used. Cash is also important for liquidity measurement. The savings in
the bank can be categorized as the Cash and Cash Equivalent. Even though, a firm does not hold the money directly, but that firm can take
the money anytime. Cash and Cash Equivalent will be presented in the Statement of Financial Position or the Balance Sheet. Cash will be
explained or described better in the Statement of Cash Flows. In the Cash Flows Statement, cash will be categorized from the operating activities,
investment activities, and financing activities. Based on IAS 7 Paragraph 7, Cash Equivalents are held for the
purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes IFRS Interpretations Committee , 2013. It
is detailed as follows: “For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must
be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore,
an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from
the date of acquisition. Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash
equivalents, for example in the case of preferred shares acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a
specified redemption date.
”
12 In the book of Corporate Finance Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe,
2010 defines cash as follows: “The economic definition of cash includes currency,
checking account deposits at commercial banks, and undeposited checks. However, financial managers often use
the term cash to include short-term marketable securities. Short-term marketable securities are frequently referred to as
“cash equivalents” and include Treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. The balance sheet item
“cash” usually includes cash equivalents.
2.2. The Determinants of Cash Holdings
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