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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section explains about the
theoretical description. It discusses several theories that are used as the bases in this study. The second section is the theoretical framework. In theoretical
framework, the researcher explains more about how the theories help the researcher to find out the answer of the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
The researcher discusses three theories which are related to this research. The theories are: constructivist pedagogy, learning strategies, and motivation. All
of those theories helped the researcher to support findings and discussion in this study.
1. Constructivist Pedagogy
There is a constructivist learning approach in the educational world. The main idea of constructivist learning is that knowledge is constructed actively by
students instead of being transferred from other people. Knowledge is the result of cognitive construction of reality through somebody. The process of constructing
knowledge runs continually by reorganizing a new idea Brooks Brooks, 1993. According to Brooks and Brooks 1993, constructivist pedagogy emphasizes that
knowledge and reality do not have an absolute value. The dynamic and changing in the world may be influenced by time, space, and perspective. Constructivist
10 learning regards knowledge as the result of multiple perspectives because it
respects the dynamic. In constructivist learning, teachers have willingness from the learners to take responsibility for their own learning, to be autonomous
thinkers, and to develop integrated comprehensions of abstraction Brooks Brooks, 1993. Brooks and Brooks 1993 state that constructivist learning is
pedagogy which is known as constructivist pedagogy. In this part, there are three points that are discussed. The first point is the elements of constructivist
pedagogy. The second point is the differences between constructivist learning and traditional learning. The last point is the beliefs of constructivist pedagogy.
a. The Elements of Constructivist Pedagogy
Suparno 1997 says that there are two influences of constructivist pedagogy. Constructivist pedagogy which is more personal is influenced by
Piaget meanwhile constructivist pedagogy which is more social is from Vygotsky.
1 Cognitive Constructivism
According to Zimmerman and Schunk 2001, cognitive part of human being is the underlying basis for human learning and recall. Cognitive functioning
assumes that students play an active personal role during the learning process. Cognitive constructivism is influenced by Piaget Zimmerman Schunk, 2001.
Piaget concerns with cognitive development and the formation of knowledge. According to Piaget as cited in Brooks and Brooks 1993, cognitive development
of people is the main factor in the process of constructing knowledge. Piaget states that the growth of knowledge is the result of individual construction made
by the students Brooks Brooks, 1993. Constructivism is viewed as a way of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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