8 thought that they have meaning for all men. The cyclic patterns of withdrawal turn
and of death and rebirth, patterns involving guilt and expiation and sacrificial suffering, propitiation rites, fertility rites, initiation rites are common to all people,
and that themes concerning them find their way into all significant literature, whether the author makes conscious or unconscious use of them.
e. The Psychological Approach
This approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. Literature works is derived from the psychological point of
view drawn from psychological theories. This approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior.
2. Theory of Culture
It is necessary to understand the meaning of culture since the study emphasized the culture’s influence. Therefore, this part contains the definition of
culture and its influence towards someone’s social behavior.
a. The Definition of Culture
Light, Keller, and Calhoun 1989: 71 state that culture includes all the learned customs, beliefs, values, knowledge, and symbols that are communicated
constantly among a set of people who share a common way of life. While according to Lindgren 1969: 205, culture consists of the overriding systems of
values, beliefs, norms, artifacts, and symbols that have been developed by a society and are shared by its members.
One of the theories about culture proposed by Haviland 1993: 29, states that culture consists of the abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world
9 that lay behind people’s behavior, and which are reflected in their behavior. In this
theory, culture has a lot of dimension such as abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions, which will be reflected upon the person who lives under that culture.
As a result, it can be inferred that culture is a wide dimension which has a close
relationship not only with the society but also with the individual who lives in it. The members of the society will reflect the culture of their society through their
behavior.
b. The Culture’s Influence toward Someone’s Social Behavior
The elements of culture are developed by the society. Dealing with the cultural backgrounds of the main characters in this novel which are related to the
society, the writer will present some theories about the influence of culture toward one’s social behavior.
Light, Keller, and Calhoun 1989: 71-72 state that the relationship between culture and behavior has two sides. On one hand, culture provides
traditions and rules that guide how people think, feel, and behave, and how people evaluate others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions. On the other hand, people use,
develop, and usually change their culture. They also state that society refers to the network of social relationships among those who share a culture and that culture is
used to give meaning to social interactions as well as the result of social interaction.
Baron and Byrne 1997: 9-13 propose that social behavior is shaped by a seemingly endless list of variables. They give some numbers of major specific
factors influencing one’s behavior. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
