Review of Related Studies

wants to protect Calixta from the storm. However, the storm finally changes their attitudes from the previous good man and woman into an illegal couple by committing adultery. The reason behind their change can be explained by of Freudian theory of id, ego, and superego. The fact that Calixta and Alcee still have passion toward each other as the result of an unfinished love story between them in the past within their unconscious part of mind is the main reason of the adultery. The study conducted by Widiantono uses the same approach as this thesis, which is the psychoanalytic approach. Another similarity is about the way the two researches are conducted. This thesis is conducted by analysing the intrinsic elements of the story, and then moves on to the extrinsic elements. Both Widiantono’s research and this thesis are analyzing the intrinsic elements on the characterization of the characters in the novels. The difference between the study conducted by Widiantono and this thesis lies on the way Widiantono tries to find the significance of story’s setting in helping the characters’ unconscious wills come up. This thesis does not use the significance of setting in its analysis. However, Widiantono prefers to jump to the conclusion than finding the symbol of “the storm” itself in awakening the unconscious part of Alcee a nd Calixta’s minds. Another difference lies on the theory that is being used. Widiantono uses the theory of Freudian about id, ego, and superego. This thesis, however, uses the Freudian theory of feminine Oedipus complex in revealing character development. This thesis avoids using the same theory about id, ego, and superego in defining the characters because the theory has been overused by many researchers. Another study almost similar to this thesis is an article titled “The Tell-Tale Art: A Psychoanalytic Study of Poe’s Short Stories” by Mark Twain. In his study, he analyses three of Edgar Allan Poe’s story, which are “The Fall of the House of Usher ”; “Morella”; and “The Tell-Tale Heart”. As we know, Poe’s stories are always out of ordinary. He seems to know how to amaze the reader by making a story that have never been thought before. Most of his pieces of writings are gothic. Twain, in this article, wants to identify the reason behind Poe’s unique writing. In conducting his study, firstly, he chooses three famous short stories of Poe. From his analysis on “The Fall of the House of Usher” and “Morella”, he finds out that the Madeline and Morella are the depiction of Edgar’s mother who passes away when he is only an infant. It can be seen from the relation of both Madeline with Usher as the major characters in “The Fall of the House of Usher”, and the relation of the little Morella and her father in “Morella”. All of these female characters have blood relations with the major male characters. However, these female characters become the fantasy of the male major characters. The third short story which he analyses is “The Tell- Tale Heart”. In this story, we find no female characters, only males. The narrator in this story kills the old man with no exact logical reason. Twain in this article says that the motive behind the murder is because the narrator develops Oedipus complex. Oedipus complex is a sexual desire of a son to eliminate his father and become the mate of his mother. He assumes that the reason the narrator kills the old man is to fulfil his deep fantasy to kill his father symbolized by the old man. From Twain’s analysis on those three short stories, he concludes that the short stories by Edgar Allan Poe are ac tually the representation of Edgar’s unconscious mind. Edgar wants to eliminate his father and replaces his father position since he develops oedipal fixation. Both of Twain’s study and this study discuss the result of people who can not overcome their infants’ sexual desires. However, this thesis does not apply Oedipus complex theory, but Feminine Oedipus complex. It is merely because of the different gender of the object of study. Furthermore, Twain’s object of study is the author and his writings, while the object of this thesis is the character represented in the narrative work. Another study is a study conducted by Rami Blair with the title “Turn Me On: Christian Grey, Anastasia Steele, and the Politics of Pleasure in Fifty Shades of Grey” which discusses the same novel as this thesis. Blair does not only analyse Fifty Shades of Grey but also the other two books of this trilogy. He also analyses Fifty Shades of Darker and Fifty Shades of Freed. In his paper, he tries to give an alternative conclusion to the question made by many contemporary feminists and queer studies critics about the patriarchy in sex found in the novel. As we know, Christian is depicted as Dominant; he controls Anastasia both in the bedroom and outside the bedroom. He even uses Anastasia’s orgasm to threat her so that she will follow all of his instruction. It makes many contemporary feminists studies and queer studies say that the relation of Christian and Anastasia is the symbol of modern patriarchy. The study conducted by Rami intends to find the nature of Christian and Anastasia’s relationship using psychoanalytic approach. The very first step of Blair’s study is his analysis towards Anastasia Steele’s depiction. In his study, he depicts Anastasia as “a cold-blooded academic who expresses general disinterest in her erotic side” Blair, 2013. The fact that she accepts Christian raises a big confusion. Blair says that actually the inner goddess represents Anastasia’s Eros the representation of feminine Eros. In the novel, Anastasia has “eschewed the traditional promiscuous collegiate sexual lifestyle for the classic texts of Hardy, Wilde, and the Brontë sisters” Blair, 2013. It shows that actually her knowledge about sex is far from expert compared to the modern definition of sexual consciousness; she is sexually infantile. Blair also uses the definition of virgin based on Victorian notion that virgin is not about doing the first sexual intercourse but about the loss of innocence. It means that Anastasia is still virgin even after doing her first penetration with Christian as her sex consciousness is still dormant and not yet awake. After depicting Steele, then Blair tries to depict Grey. Christian Greyis depicted as a man who develops psychosexual disorder. He does not know the essence of sex acts as he uses sex, especially his mate’s orgasm, to control her mates. In the Fifty Shades of Darker, we can see that he develops Oedipus complex since he says that Anastasia looks like her biological mother and makes him wants to spank her harder. However, Anastasia has the same power too. Anastasia does the same thing as Grey. It is shown when Anastasia creates certain hard-limits in order to control Christian. Then, it also erases the symbol of patriarchy in sex as both of Anastasia and Christian are using sex as their weapons in controlling each other which we may call as the politics of pleasure. The study conducted by Blair uses the same novel and the same approach as this thesis, but the difference lies in the focus of the study. Blair, in his study, intends to find the na ture of Christian and Anastasia’s relationship as many critics say that their relationship is the symbol of patriarchy in sex, but this thesis only focuses on the contradiction between Anastasia Steele’s masochism and her personality. Another similar study with this one is Yopi Jalu Paks i’s undergraduate thesis, titled “The Idea of Electra Complex in Sylvia Plath’s “Daddy””. In his undergraduate thesis, Paksi tries to see the idea of Electra complex in the poem Daddy. In conducting his study, he tries to find the symbolical meaning of “Daddy” in this poem as the author in the poem depicts “Daddy” as a symbol of Nazi. He tries to find the symbolical meaning of “Daddy” in the author’s life and in the poem. Then, he finds that the depiction of “Daddy” by the author is the symbol of disappointment of the child because she can’t have the love of her “Daddy”. Due to that, “Daddy” is symbolized as a Nazi which is full of cruelty; he can not give the love that the daughter wants. Both of Paksi and this thesis use the theory of Oedipus complex in female. The difference is Paksi uses the term from Jungian which is Electra complex while this thesis uses the term from Freudian which is feminine Oedipus complex. In the research, Paksi tries to find the significance of the author ’s past life towards its work while this thesis only focus on the character in the narrative work with no inference from the author.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization

Ch aracters are “persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities” Abrams, 1999:34. Those values can be examined by the inferences of action, speech, and motivation. Motivation in this context means “characters’ temperament, desires and moral natures for their speech and action” Abrams, 1999:34. Characterization is the way author depicts characters to “convey to the reader what sort of people they are” Murphy, 1972:161. There are nine methods of describing characters in literary work. They are physical appearance, direct speech from the author, description from the other characters, conversation that describe the characters by the other characters, the characters’ speech, past life, thought, manner or their habits and reaction toward various events or situations Murphy, 1972:161-171. By using those nine methods, we may know about the particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities owned by the characters in a literary work or their characterization.

2. Basic Concepts of Using Psychoanalytic Approach

Psychoanalytic criticism is “a form of literary criticism using of the techniques of psych oanalysis in the interpretation of literature” Barry, 2009:92. Psychoanalysis itself is “a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind” Barry, 2009:92. It means that psychoanalytic tries to criticize a literary work by investigating the conscious and unconscious minds of the persons related to the literary works. The persons that have been investigated can be the characters represented in the narrative work or even the writer Summarizing the idea of psychoanalytic approach, Bressler creates four basic concepts of using psychoanalytic approach, which are: 1. “A distressing event or situation that occurs in youth is repressed into the unconscious ” Bressler, 1999:86 People will never know about their personal problems since people’s mind tend to repress their most distressing experiences. However, all human beings have psychological problems caused by some harmful emotional experiences they experience while growing up . Family as the most important source of people’s early emotional experiences plays a crucial roles in shaping their repressed minds, despite how perfect the families are. The sign of emotional problem that occurs as the result of a repressed experience is the repetition of self-destructive behaviour. 2. The repressed feelings are “buried in our unconscious through the use of defences ” Bressler, 1999:86 There are four common defences that come up from the repressed experiences. The first is denial. Denial is when people deny by believing that an emotionally painful situation does not exist or never occurred. The second, avoidance is when people stay away from anything that could lead them to the painful memory. The third, displacement is when people take out their negative feelings about something or someone so that they can feel relieved without even realizing the real cause. The last, projection is when people project their problems onto someone else in order to prove that they don’t have the problems. 3. Core issue that comes up from the powerful buried experiences If the experience buried in the unconscious is powerful enough, it will become a core issue core is sue is a fundamental part of people’s personalities that determines many of their feelings and a good deal of behaviour. Bressler also mentions that there are five core issues that generally occur in human ’s life. They are low self- esteem the unwarranted belief that we are less worthy than other human beings and, therefore, don’t deserve attention, love, or any other form of life’s rewards, insecurity unable to sustain a feeling of personal identity, fear of abandonment the unwarranted nagging belief that our friends and loved ones are going to desert us physical abandonment or don’t really care about us emotional abandonment, fear