However, there is “possibility that many women may remain arrested at the original mother-attachment and never properly achieve the change-
over to men”. Freud, 1931:1. These female are stuck in their pre-Oedipus stage as they never
properly change their love object to the opposite gender. It is supported by the fact that a girl “never completely loses her pre-Oedipal identification with her mother.”
Madsen, 2000:94. It places the “girl in a position of ambivalence where she belongs completely to neither the mother nor the father but still seeks to belong to the
powerful masculine culture ” Madsen, 2000:95. Since female’s love to her mother is
natural while her love to her father is build-up, woman cannot simply omit the repression of her love towards her mother. This, of course, reflects in her later
development. Although pre-
Oedipus analysis is elusive “as if it had undergone some specially inexorable repression, but pre-Oedipus stage in female is more important than we
have hitherto supposed ” Freud, 1931:1. It is supported by the fact that female’s
clitoris with its masculinity still continues to function in later female sexual life: There can be no doubt that the bisexual disposition which me maintain to be
characteristics of human beings manifests itself much more plainly in the female than in the male. The latter has only one principal sexual zone, only
one sexual organ, whereas the former has two: the vagina, the true female organ, and the clitoris, which is analogous to the male organ Freud, 1931:2
Freu d’s hypothesis about bisexual is also supported by Helen Cixous. She says “that
men and women are essentially bisexual but monosexuality heterosexuality is demanded of us as the part of the process of socialization” Madsen, 2000:97.
4. Masochism
Masochism is “a sexual perversion characterized by pleasure in being subjected to
pain or humiliation especially by a love object ” Webster: 1964. The person that
does masochism is called as a masochist. Masochism includes Paraphilias. Paraphilias is
“a group of disorders in which sexual attraction is to unusual objects, and sexual activities are unusual in nature” DavisonNeale: 1974:339. Paraphilias
occurs because of the suppression of inappropriate sexual fantasies. This suppression increases the imagination of the doer about those fantasies. So, when the need to fulfil
their fantasy finally comes to its limit, people will exaggerate in showing it. For several people, the suppression of their sexual fantasies can lead to masochistic acts.
However, “there is no universally accepted cause or theory explaining the origin of sexual masochism, or sadomasochism in general” Fahmy: 2015.
C. Theoretical Framework
To answer the problems formulated in the previous chapter, the writer will use several theories. The first theory that the writer uses to answer the first question is the
theory of characters and characterization by Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Term 1999 and Murphy in Understanding Unseen 1972. The first question is related on
the depiction of Anastasia Steele as the main character of the novel. After got the depiction of Anastasia Steele, this thesis finds a contradiction
between Anastasia Steele’s personality and her romantic intention as a masochist or
in short, her destructive behaviour. Her destructive behaviour will be analysed using psychoa
nalytic approach. Psychoanalytic criticism is “a form of literary criticism which uses of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature”
Barry, 2009:92. Psychoanalysis itself is “a form of therapy which aims to cure
mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in the mind” Barry, 2009:92.
In using the approach, this thesis uses several basic concepts of psychoanalytic approach from
Bressler. Bressler’s concepts stress on four things. Those concepts stress on repressed memory, defenses, displacement and projection. This thesis uses
these four basic concepts of Bressler to analyze Anastasia’s masochism. Apart from Bressler’s concepts, this thesis also uses the theory about female sexuality from Freud
and Madsen to show Anastasia’s repressed memory and the theory about masochism from David and Neale to show Anastasia’s defenses.
21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Fifty Shades of Grey has first published as a non-printed novel. In 2011, The Writer’s Coffee Shop Publishing House in Australia published this novel as a printed
novel. Fifty Shades of Grey was written by a British author, E. L James. It sold more than 70 million copies less than a year of its printed publication. It made this book
one of the New York Times Bestseller Novels in 2011. Fifty Shades of Grey i
s the first book of James’s trilogy. The other two books of this trilogy are Fifty Shades of Darker and Fifty Shades of Freed. The genre of this
trilogy is erotic romance. Fifty Shades of Grey is composed by twenty six chapters consisting of 514 pages. In the very first few chapters of this book, the readers are
offered a conventional romantic story between a rich man and an innocent student. However, it turns out to be an unexpected love story between a rich, albeit a
practitioner of BDSM and an innocent student. The rich man has turned this innocent virgin student to be a masochist. It makes this novel filled with many depictions of
harsh sexual acts done by the couple. Apart from the content, this novel has also led to controversial for many critics.
Many feminist and queerer argue this book as “a hidden symbol of patriarchy in sex”
