13 can give a lesson to the audience by an expression. Everyone can make a new live
metaphor because live metaphor is free, it is not bounded to any expression. Live metaphor is usually used to make the audience of the artwork have their own
imagination towards the metaphor. In a simple way live metaphor is a figurative language that is made in an event and able to be understood without any additional
information. Live metaphor is really common to be used in lyrics. The author will create new metaphor live metaphor or use dead metaphor to deliver a message
through song.
3. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a study about meaning in the context. According to Teun A Van Djik, pragmatics is dealing with the context in order to get clearer meaning in
a situation or in the text Djik 1977: 191. Pragmatic is subfield of linguistics and semiotic. In pragmatic, context is used to get the meaning or the transferred
meaning behind a word. Pragmatics also used dictionary to get the literal meaning and compared both of context and literal meaning.
a. Context
According to Teun A Van Dijk, context is place that the acts of a word is placed and formulate the conditions which a words are acceptable in which
situation and the technical terms that is used for such a situation is context Djik 1977: 191
4. Theory of Theme
Theme is one element that literary work has is giving the difference between one to another literary artwork in the ‘atmosphere’ of the literary works. According
14 to Norton Dudeque, theme in music is the summarized of the idea of basic outline
from every variation in structured song 2005: 194. Theme is the meaning of a story that may be the discovered story Kenney 1966: 91. It means the theme is a
central idea that dominates in a word where all elements in a work are focused.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this analysis, the writer uses four theories which are theory of song, semantics, theory of figurative language, pragmatics in context and theory of
theme. The first one, which is the theory of song, is used to give the understanding of the nature of song. Also, the first theory is used to give strategies in
comprehending the songs. The second theory which is the semantic, is beneficial in examining some features from the songs and also the basic understanding of the
topic which is discussed in the study. The third theory is used to give brief explanation of the meaning of the words that the metaphor has and also give the
comparison to find the transferred meaning. Using the figurative language theory, the writer also uses the theory to find the meaning behind the figurative language
that the song writer by study of dictionary. The theory of context is used to imply the transferred meaning after being compared with semantics terms in lexical
meaning. The last theory is used to summarize the metaphor in a word that clarifies the theme of the song. It is estimated that the meaning of metaphor can clarify how
they contribute creating theme of the songs. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of The Study
Sara Bareilles is an American song-writer. She has sold more than one million records for the past 5 years and been nominated for Grammy awards. She has
written over 70 songs and has released 5 albums from 2004 until 2015. Her first albums “Careful Confessions” contains 11 songs. This is her debut album for indie
singer. The album was made and released when she was attending college in The United States. Her se
cond album named “Little Voice”, contains 13 songs, including her hit song “Love song“ and “Gravity”. This album became her official
debut album in The United States and was nominated for 51
st
Grammy Awards. “Kaleidoscope Heart” is her third album which was released on September 7
th
, 2007. This album contains 13 songs,
including “King of Anything” as single of the album. Her latest album; The Blessed Unrest has been nominated in Grammy
Awards for album of the year. “Brave” become her lead single for the album that lead her into a nomination for 56
th
Grammy Awards. This album contains 12 songs including “Brave” and “Manhattan”. Dealing with the songs, the writer wants to
find the meaning behind the metaphor in the song lyrics and also how they contribute to make the theme of the song.
16
B. Approach of The Study
In analyzing the songs, semantic approach is applied. In specific terms, these songs will be analyzed in terms of figurative language, which is metaphor, to
analyze the sentence that Sara Bareilles uses in writing the songs. The semantic approach is used to determine the meaning of the metaphorical expression that Sara
Bareilles used in her songs. In Semantics, we could conduct meaning of a written text. This study uses printed lyrics of Sara Bareilles songs as the object of study of
the analysis. The semantics approach helps find out the contribution of the metaphor in terms of creating the theme for the songs. The following metaphors use lexical
semantic in order to find the literal meaning of the word, then after the literal meaning is found, the research will compare the literal meaning in order to find the
transferred meaning. In the end of this study, it will reveal how the metaphor give the contribution the theme of the song.
C. Method of The Study
1. Data Collection
In conducting the research, some steps were taken. For the first step, the writer randomly picked songs from Sara Bareilles. The method that is used in
order to find the data is random sampling. The writer chose 5 songs that are popular in each of the Sara Bareilles album. T
he works and choices are “Love Song”, “Gravity”, “King of Anything”, “Brave”, and “Manhattan”. The second
step, the writer will collects the metaphors that contained in the songs. The theory of metaphor helps the writer to find and group the metaphor.
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2. Data Analysis
After collecting all metaphor, the data analysis is done. The data analysis consisted of three steps. First, all metaphors are categorized and grouped based on
the title of the songs. Second, determining the meaning of the metaphor by defining the metaphors with literal meaning to make comparison. Here is the example:
Drug a thing to heal
A word that is aimed to encourage and advice someone The example is taken from the song en
titled “Brave”. In this song, drug has a meaning word to encourage someone. Drug can have metaphorical meaning by
comparing with the lexical meaning of drug itself. After knowing the literal meaning,
next is using the meaning of the metaphors to analyze . The context puts
the meaning and finally can make a new transferred meaning based on the context of the song
. The last step is taken to draw the conclusion by comparing the meaning and the context of the songs from the analysis. The conclusion is the summary of
the answer for the questions formulated. Lexical Semantics
Signifier Drug
Signified A thing to heal someone
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is the discussion to answer the problem formulation that the researcher made which has been mentioned in the first chapter. This study will
provide the metaphor of Sara Bareilles songs to answer the question of the problem formulation.
A. The Metaphorical Expression and the Classification
The writer has analyzed five songs from Sara Bareilles. The researcher has found that Sara Bareilles uses metaphors into her song lyrics. Metaphors allow us
to know about an experience in another terms and definitions Lakoff 1980: 117. This study deals
with 5 songs which are “Love Song”, “Gravity”, “King of Anything”, “Brave”, and “Manhattan”. The writer has been done sorting out the
lyrics which contain the metaphors. In order to sort the lyrics, the writer compared the literal meaning with the transferred meaning of the lyrics. All of the literal
meaning are taken from the Longman Dictionary 5
th
Edition. All song lyrics are taken from internet source. There are 21 metaphors that are found in the lyrics
which are taken from 5 different songs. Here are the data:
Table 4.1 List of Metaphors in “Brave”
No. Metaphor in the lyrics
1. You can turn phrase into weapon or drug
Dictionary meaning: [n] something that you use to fight with or attack someone with, such as a knife, bomb, or gun
[n] a medicine, or a substance for making medicines PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
