Background of the Study

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B. Problem Formulation

To analyze the topic the researcher has mentioned before, the researcher has formulated three research problems: 1. What metaphors are found on Sara Bareilles songs? 2. What are the metaphor interpretations from the Sara Bareilles songs? 3. How do the metaphors give contribution to the theme of her song?

C. Research Objective

This paper has been made to analyze five songs written by Sara Bareilles in order to reveal the meaning of her songs. The aim is achieved by first explicating the metaphor of the songs to get the meaning of the songs. The next step is identifying the figurative language which is metaphor employed in the songs. Further analysis will be revealing the contribution of the metaphor for the theme of her songs.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding in reading this thesis, the specific terms to this study are defined as some theories. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning Palmer 1967: 1, in another hand the sematic branch that this study used is figurative language and lexical semantics. Lexical meaning is meaning that is based on common dictionary Djajasudarma 1993: 34. Lexical meaning shows the literal meaning of the word. 6 In another hand, metaphor is a word which appears with literal meaning and transferred meaning Palmer, 1976: 103. Figurative language is a way to say a language using figures of speech. A figure of speech is assumed as a way to saying a thing and meaning another Perrine, 1969: 65. Figurative language is one of characteristic of any literature text. Perrine says that figurative language consists of metaphor, personification, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, overstatement, understatement, and irony. In this study, the figurative language that is going to be used is only metaphor. Metaphor is a word has two meaning; literal meaning and ‘transferred’ meaning Palmer 1976: 103. This word is mentioned quite a lot in previous part. Basically, metaphor is part of linguistic in semantic field that is really common of its usage in daily life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Figurative language is one element in poetry to deliver the message to the reader, nowadays it is also the element that is also used in another literary work like songs and novels as well as means of communication. Most of literary works use figurative expression like idiom, personification and metaphor. The study carried by Maria Maya Sylvia entitled Metaphorical of Coldplay’s song lyrics 2015 is focused on figurative language in specific way which is metaphor. Sylvia analyzes 19 metaphor expressions from 15 Coldplay’s songs. She reveals the metaphor expressions that Coldplay has in their songs. She classified each metaphor used in the lyrics and then explained the meaning of the metaphoric expressions with the classifications. As the result of her thesis, she divided the metaphor into two kinds of metaphor, they are dead metaphor and live metaphor. In the end of her study, she concluded that every metaphor contained in the songs is different. The different meaning in each metaphor is influenced by the context of the songs and also the classification. In her study, she said that the m etaphor that the Coldplay’s songs used is to express the feeling and describe the person. The second study is from Maria Godeliva Rettob entitled ‘The Metaphor Analysis of Selected Eminem’s Rap Song Lyrics’ 2015. She also focused on the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 metaphor on the l yrics. She analyzed the meaning of several lyrics of Eminem’s song. In her study she chose four rap songs, they are White America, Without me, Superman, and Cleanin’ Out My Closet. As the method of the study, she used library research. Formalist approach and biographical approaches are used in order to answer the problem formulation of her research. In the end of her study, she found 17 metaphors in four selected Eminem’s rap song lyrics. She classified the metaphor based on connotation classification. After she found the metaphor and its meaning, she aimed to explain the function of the connotation meaning on the metaphor that the lyrics have. This present study has the same aim of seeking the meaning of the metaphor in song lyrics. This study also uses the same method of study which is library research. Rettob and Sylvia theses give some enlightenments in order to find the meaning of the metaphor. In addition, the study gives brief information on Sara Bareilles explicit way in delivering idea and meaning through her songs. Although the review gives some useful insight for the analysis the songs meaning occupied in this thesis, the revise has not answered the third problem formulation. Based on consideration, this study will be focused on the study of the metaphor employed in the poems to reveal the contribution of the metaphor on Sara Bareilles’ songs towards the theme. 9

B. Review Related Theories

1. Theory of Song

A piece of music is a continuous progress of harmony and melody for a duration. Those elements usually develop within a section of the song, before turning to the very end of the section. The basic knowledge about song is that song has 4 basic section which are verses, choruses, bridges, and other structural devices. The structure of a song is a way a sections arranged by the author and usually it comes with repetition to create a good artwork http:www.howmusicworks.org910Writing-SongsSong-Structure. A proper song structure will be creating musical experience for the listener.

2. Semantics

Semantics is a study of meaning. This study is focusing on sign and signifier as the mark of what meaning that they stand for. According to Palmer semantics is a study of linguistics that has a focus on the meaning of word, phrases, and sentences. Meaning of a phrase, sentence or word is not only determined by dictionary. It can be determined by the aspect like how they are formed. In the study of semantics, there is a scope called naming Palmer, 1967: 17. Naming is a process of giving a name or labeling an object. This process usually happens when children learn a language in their earlier age.

a. Lexical Semantics

In a simple way, lexical semantics is a study based on dictionary. Lexical semantics is one of semantics terms that focuses on literal meaning of sentences, phrase and words. Lexical meaning is simply taking dictionary as the ‘real’ meaning PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI