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the rules to combine them to form new sentences.
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Therefore, grammar is very important in speaking because if the speaker
does not mastering grammar structure, he cannot speak English well.
c. Fluency
Speaking is an activity of reproducing words orally. It indicates that there is a process of exchanging ideas between
speaker and listener. According to Hornby, fluency is able to speak or write a language or performs an action smoothly or
expressed in a smooth and fluently in order to makes someone easy to understand what he or she said.
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d. Pronunciation
All words are made up of sound and speakers of language need to know these sound. Therefore, as an English
teacher, you not only teach well at pronunciation, but you also make it possible for the students to acquire good
pronunciation by imitating you. According to Marianne Celce-Murcia, pronunciation is a characteristic of the huge
potential that only a small subset of sounds is systematically used in speaking any one language.
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To make our communication accepted by our listeners. It is better for us to
pronoun the words clearly, especially with the most similar pronunciation.
e. Comprehension
The last speaking element is comprehension. Comprehension is discussed by both speakers because
comprehension can make people getting the information they want. Comprehension is defined as the ability to understand
something by a reasonable comprehension of the subject or as the knowledge of what a situation is really like.
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Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p.14.
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Albert S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner..., p.427.
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Marianne Celce and Murcia Lois McIntosh, Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, Los Angeles: New Bury House
University of California, 1987, p.84.
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3. Point to Consider about Speaking
Speaking is a form communication, so it is important that you say is conveyed in the most effective way. How you say
something can be as important as what you say in getting your meaning across. Jones stated that there are some points to
consider about speaking. They are: a.
Clarity The words you speak must be clear if listeners are to
understand what you say. This means speaking your words distinctly and separately, not running them together and
slurring them. b.
Variety Speech has its own rhythms and tunes. The voice
usually rises, for instance, to indicate a question. Some words in a sentence require more emphasis than others if the
meaning is to be clear. Unimportant words tend to be spoken more quickly than important ones. Consider things like pitch,
emphasis, speed, variations in volume, pauses.
c. Audience and Tone
The way you speak and the tone you use will be affected by the audience to whom you are speaking.
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4. The Types of Classroom Speaking Performance
a. Imitate
Imitation is this kind carried out not for the purpose of meaningful interaction, but for focusing on some particular
element of language form. b.
Intensive Intensive speaking goes on steps beyond imitative to
include any speaking performance that is designed to practice some phonological or grammatical aspect of
language. Intensive speaking can be self-initiated or it can ever form part of some pair work activity, where learners are
going over certain forms of language.
c. Responsive
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Rhodry Jones, Speaking and Listening, London: John Murray Publishers Ltd, 1989, p.14.
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A good deal of students ’ speech in the classroom is
responsive, short replies to teacher or students initiated questions or comments.
d. Transactional dialogue
Transactional language, carried out for the purpose of conveying or exchanging specific information, is an
extended form of responsive language. e.
Interpersonal dialogue Interpersonal is carried out more for the purpose of
maintaining social relationship than for the transmission of facts and information.
f. Extensive monologue
Finally, students at intermediate to advanced levels are called on to give extended monologues in the form of oral
reports, summaries, or perhaps short speeches. Here the register is more formal and deliberative. These monologues
can be planned or impromptu.
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5. The Purpose of Speaking
It is beneficial to understand that purpose of speaking itself. The purposes are stated as follows:
a. To expect students to have a language function skill to make
themselves understand. b.
To enable students to convey meaning. c.
To make the students able to express themselves orally. d.
To motivate students in order to be able to communicate orally with native speakers.
e. To motivate students in order to use English.
6. Teaching Speaking
Teacher should consider about the difficulties of the students to learn speaking skill. In teaching speaking skill, there
are some consideration that the teacher should pay attention to. In this part, the researcher present the information about teaching
English speaking.
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H. Douglas Brown, 1994. Teaching by Principles: an interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, New Jersey: Parentice Hall, 1994 p.
266-268.
