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helped in realizing motivation. Since motivation is the strongest influence to encourage people to do action in order to satisfy their needs.
Second, for the English teachers in teaching learning activities. They can use the novel as a mean to facilitate the discussion and analysis of literary texts in
class. It means that, a novel can be used as the facility to add variety of language teaching. I hope that the result of the study will give them a great contribution to
literary class.
1.6 Outline of the Study
This paper is systematically organized as follows. Chapter I provides introduction which consists of: background of the
study, reasons for choosing the topic, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, and the outline of the study.
Chapter II is about review of related literature that can support the writing of the final project. It discusses theory of literary approach, the definition of
psychology, goal, and effort from some experts, theory of motivation, and elements of the novels.
Chapter III presents the method of investigation. It deals with the object of the study, types of data, role of the researcher, procedure of data collection,
procedure of data analysis, and technique of data analysis. Chapter IV is the analysis of study. It is the most essential part of the
study, because it discusses about the real description of Santiago’s character and his motivation to struggle far out into the sea. It also describes the effects of the
motivation that found in the novel.
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Chapter V is the last chapter. It presents conclusion preserving the main points from the result of the study. This chapter also provides some suggestions,
which are relevant to the topic.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literary Approach
In analyzing the novel, the writer uses a critical approach as a basic consideration in understanding literary work. The approaches are taken from the
book of Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Reading and writing about literature 1971: 6-15. They present five kinds of critical approaches. They are: formalist
approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The explanation of each approach can be
seen as follows:
1. Formalist Approach
Critics insist on the total integrity of the literary piece. It concentrates on the aesthetic value; the involvement of all the parts to the whole is seen as a
harmony to the complete work. It emphasizes on the literary object itself and its aesthetic meaning. It does not need reference to the fact of the author’s life
p. 6-7.
2. Biographical Approach
This approach is used for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. The critics of this approach
attempt to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author, and to apply this knowledge in their attempt to understand his writing.
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They believe that the work of literature is the reflection of the personality of the author, and that biographical material provides useful facts that could put
the reader in a better position to understand and appreciate the literary object p. 8
3. Sociocultural-historical Approach
The traditional historical approach to literature usually takes as its basis some aspects of the sociocultural frame of reference, and it is combined with an
interest in literary history. It means, sociocultural-historical approach insists on the analysis of socio-cultural and historical background as references to the
further understanding of the story.
4. Mythopoeic Approach
The critics of the mythopoeic frame try to “discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought, which they believe find expression in
significant works of art”. The patterns involve death and rebirth, quilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, initiation rites, or patterns of behavior basic to
Christian theology p. 11.
5. Psychological Approach
The psychological approach applies psychological theories to explain the character personality in the story. Each character’s attitude and behavior could
be referred to the psychology of human being p. 13.
Based on the explanation, the writer uses the psychological approach in analyzing Ernest Hemingway’s novel focusing on one of the characters in The Old
Man and the Sea. The character is Santiago who struggles alone far out the sea.
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2.2 Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior of humans and other animals Encyclopedia Americana, volume 22. 1997: 723. The term behavior refers both
to overt, observable action and to overt, unobservable internal mental processes and states such as perception, thought, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, and
feelings. Systematic, objective observations of overt behavior, including verbal behavior, are the sources of psychologist’s inferences about these mental
processes and states. The chief goals of psychology are the accurate and precise descriptions of conduct, thoughts, and feelings and the investigation of the many
variables-biological, personal, and social that interacts in determining behavior and mental processes. The field psychology is therefore intimately connected with
psychology and with other behavioral sciences such as anthropology and sociology.
The sub fields or specialties of psychology may be grouped into major categories, basic and applied. The basic areas are those concerned with research
and the discovery of fundamental facts and principles. The applied areas of psychology are those in which the facts and principles discovered in basic
research are used to accomplish pragmatic, socially useful goals. Teachers use principles of psychology to help students learn quickly and
easily. Parents use books by psychologist to help and to understand their growing children. Businessmen use psychology in preparing advertisements and deigning
products that are appealing to customers.
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Psychologists help people with emotional problems to understand the basis of their difficulties.
2.3 Goal and Effort
