INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR OF AHOK’S UTTERANCES IN MATA NAJWA TALK SHOW ON METRO TV.
INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR OF AHOK’S UTTERANCES
IN MATA NAJWA TALK SHOW ON METRO TV
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Postgraduate Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
MAHRANI
Register Number: 8136111040
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM THE STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Maharani. Interpersonal Metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances in Mata Najwa Talk show
on Metro TV. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate
School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study investigates interpersonal metaphors of Ahok‟s utterances in Mata Najwa Talk
show on Metro TV program. The objectives of the study are; 1) to investigate the kinds of
interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok utterances in talk show, and 2) to elaborate the
reason of why Ahok used interpersonal metaphor in Mata Najwa talk show on Metro TV
program. This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The data
were Ahok „s utterances in three episodes of Mata Najwa Talk show namely “Ahok dan Ibu
Kota”, “Generasi Anti Korupsi”, “Pencuri Perhatian”. The findings showed that all kind of
interpersonal metaphor, i.e mood, modality, epithet, euphemism, connotation, and mental
process are used by Ahok with different proportion. It showed that Ahok‟s utterancess has
a specialty in using language function which is realized into mood of question tag (kan) and
less use of mental process showed that he more direct and straight to the point in giving his
opinion. The reasons of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok are not whole in line
with the theories. Beside three reason of using interpersonal metaphor, they are: 1)
ambiguity, 2) avoiding negotiation, 3) politeness, it is also found that to entertaining with
jokes as another additional reason of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV.
i
ABSTRAK
Maharani. Interpersonal Metaphor dalam Ujaran Ahok’s di Mata Najwa Talk show
di Metro TV. Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah
Pasaca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015
Penelitian ini menginvestigasi interpersonal metaphor dari ujaran Ahok di program Mata
Najwa talk show di Metro TV. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah; 1) untuk menginvestigasi jenis
interpersonal metaphor yang digunakan Ahok , dan 2) alasan mengapa Ahok menggunakan
interpersonal metaphor di program Mata Najwa talk show di Metro. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode qualitatif content analysis. Data merupakan ujaran Ahok dari tiga
episode Mata Najwa talk show, yaitu “Ahok dan Ibu Kota”, “Generasi Anti Korupsi” dan
“Pencuri Perhatian”. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa semua jenis interpersonal
metaphor seperti, mood, modality, epithet, euphemism, connotation dan mental process
digunakan oleh Ahok dengan porsi yang berbeda-beda. Mood metaphor lebih dominan
digunakan oleh Ahok dan yang sedikit digunakan adalah mental process. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa Ahok memiliki ke khasan tersendiri dalam menggunakan fungsi
bahasa yang direalisasikan ke dalam mood (question tag „kan‟) dan sedikit menggunakan
mental proses berarti bawha dia lebih jelas dalam memberikan pendapat. Alasan
menggunakan interpersonal metaphor yang digunakan Ahok tidak semua sejalan dengan
teori. disamping ada tiga alasan menggunakan interpersonal metaphor seperti, 1) ambigu,
2) menghindari negosiasi, 3) kesopanan ditemukan juga bahwa menghibur dengan gurauan
menjadi tambahan alsan menggunakan interpersonal metaphor oleh Ahok di Mata Najwa
talk show di MetroTV.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This piece of academic achievement is really the product of hardship and
endurance of many challenges in life. One top of a very sincere gratitude is to Allah
SWT, the Almighty, for everything that has been poured to the writer in completing her
academic studies and this thesis. There are many people who have assisted her with
advice and suggestions, but it would be impossible to name all some deserve the honor
to be noted.
She would like to thank to Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., ph.D, as first adviser, and Dr.
Sri Minda Murni, M. S, as second adviser, who have been so wonderful in giving their
valuable knowledge, critical ideas, supportive suggestions and also all the
encouragement in the process of completing this thesis. The writer’s deepest
appreciation is also extended to them for the care and attention given for finishing the
academic program.
A special thank is directed to Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M.S, Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program for
assistance in completing the administrative procedures and Mr. Farid Ma’ruf as an
administrator of LTBI who provides and give a contribution in complete the official
administration to full fil this thesis from beginning up to the end of the process.
The writer would like express his gratitude to the reviewers, Prof. Busmin Gurning,
M. Pd, Prof. Sumarsih, Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M. Hum for the sharp
criticisms, suggestions and very valuable input.
The writer’s special appreciate go to her beloved father Pangulu Waruwu, and
mother Maria Sipahutar, for their great prayers, love, attention, support and care. Also,
she is grateful to her brother Anwar Hasan, Erwin, Hengki Sandra for their support and
love.
A very sweet and special thank to her beloved boyfriend, Taufik Mulia Hasibuan,
S.Pd, for his great attention,love and support.
The writer also appreciate a thankfulness for all her beloved friends Horia Siregar
Ingrid Giberta and especially in class A-1 LTBI Khairunnisah Nasution, Riski Amrina
Sari, Farida Romaito Pohan, Auli Syaifina, Ade Rahma, Delnis Handayani and the
other friends who gave intention, though, support in order to completing this thesis.
Medan,
June 2015
The writer
Mahrani
Register Number: 8136111040
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................
vii
LIST OF DIAGRAM ........................................................................................
viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study .......................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study .............................................................................
5
1.3 The Objective of the Study ...........................................................................
5
1.4 The Scope of the Study .................................................................................
6
1.5 The Significances of the Study .....................................................................
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE ..........................
7
2.1 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................
7
2.1.1 Grammatical Metaphor .......................................................................
7
2.1.2 Interpersonal Metaphor .......................................................................
11
2.1.3 Kinds of Interpersonal Metaphor ........................................................
13
2.1.3.1 Metaphors of Mood...................................................................
13
2.1.3.2 Metaphors of Modality .............................................................
17
2.1.3.3 Epithet .......................................................................................
19
2.1.3.4 Euphemism ...............................................................................
20
2.1.3.5 Connotation ...............................................................................
21
2.1.3.6 Mental Process ..........................................................................
21
2.1.4 The Reason of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ....................................
23
2.1.4.1 Ambiguity .................................................................................
23
2.1.4.2 Avoiding Negotiation................................................................
24
2.1.4.3 Politeness ..................................................................................
25
2.1.5 Political Discourse ..............................................................................
26
2.1.6 Basuki Tjahja Purnama (Ahok)...........................................................
27
2.1.6 Mata Najwa TV Talks Show Program................................................
28
2.2 Relevant Studies............................................................................................
29
v
2.3 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................
31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
33
3.1 The Research Design ....................................................................................
33
3.2 Data and Data Source....................................................................................
33
3.3 The Technique and Instrument of Data Collection .......................................
34
3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study .................................................................
34
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ...................................................................
45
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ........
37
4.1 Data Analysis ................................................................................................
37
4.1.1 Kinds of Interpersonal Metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances in Mata Najwa
Talk show .....................................................................................................
37
4.1.1.1 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Mood .................................
38
4.1.1.2 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Modality ............................
39
4.1.1.3 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Epithet ...............................
39
4.1.1.4 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Euphemism ........................
40
4.1.1.5 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Connotation .......................
41
4.1.1.6 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Mental Process ..................
42
4.1.2. The Reason of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ...................................
43
4.1.2.2 Ambiguity .................................................................................
43
4.1.2.2 Avoiding Negotiation................................................................
44
4.1.2.3 Politeness ..................................................................................
45
4.1.2.4 Entertaining ..............................................................................
45
4.2 Findings .........................................................................................................
46
4.3 Discussion .....................................................................................................
47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................................
52
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................
52
5.2 Suggestion .....................................................................................................
52
REFFERENCES ...............................................................................................
54
APPENDIX 1 .....................................................................................................
57
APPENDIX 2 .....................................................................................................
91
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Grammatical Metaphor Across Metafunctions ...................................
8
Table 2. 2 Relocation of Grammatical Aspects in Grammatical Metaphor ........
10
Table 2. 3 Interpersonal Metaphor ......................................................................
11
Table 2. 4 Congruent and Metaphorical Realization of Mood ...........................
15
Table 2.5 Congruent and Metaphorical Coding of Mental Process ....................
22
Table 4.1 The Proportion of interpersonal metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances .......
37
vii
LIST OF DIAGRAM
Diagram 1 Conceptual Framework of the Studies ..............................................
viii
32
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) theory which proposed by Halliday (1994) states
that it is very common if the bureaucrat or politician most used metaphorical than literal
utterances or un-congruent coding than congruent one. The use of in-congruent or
metaphorical utterances by politician deals with such factors in doing interaction with other
people. One of grammatical metaphor which deals with the maintaining relationship
among speakers while having interaction is interpersonal metaphor. It involves
non-congruent ways of informal spoken language which concerns with establishing and
maintaining relations with other people enacting interaction correlated with a tendency to
draw on the resources of interpersonal metaphor involved (Xue-feng, 2010: 30). In other
words, the use of metaphorical deal with the meaning based on the grammatical shifting
used by the speaker.
The reason of using interpersonal metaphor by politician deals with some factors as,
Saragih ( 2014: 74) says that a diplomat faces human beings with feeling and emotion and
therefore tries to make ambiguous meaning, where subjectivity is highly appreciated. The
diplomat depends on subjectivity can make different meanings, which are transformed into
harmonious and agreeable relations and a diplomatic experience is also expressed by
politicians or bureaucrats. He also adds that interpersonal metaphor disperses meaning into
Ambiguous one (Saragih, 2014: 73) in line Edelman, (1985:3) states that political
development and that language that describes them are ambiguous because the aspect of
event, leaders, policies
1
2
In addition, it is also occur in order to negotiate or in other cases avoiding negotiation.
Thompson (1996: 172) explains that in interpersonal metaphors the non-negotiability
associated with nominalization can clearly be a powerful weapon in cases where the
speaker or writer whishes, for whatever reason, to avoid negotiation, with its possible
outcome of rejection. While, Interpersonal metaphor is a strategy for expanding the
potential for negotiation (Halliday, 2004: 637). it means that the possible used i negotiation
or avoid negotiation based on the genre of the interaction or text.
Basuki Tjhaja Purnama or Ahok is one of the politician who uses metaphorical
utterances. He speaks different with other people done in political fields, he tend straight to
the point when answered some questions from the reporters relate to such issues but he still
use metaphorical one in such situation while interaction on TV talk show program. He
often used question tag to answer the question from host from particular topics. The
metaphorical utterances used by Ahok can be see in the following example, in Mata Najwa
talk show Ahok used un-congruent language of interpersonal metaphor when he was
interviewed by the reporter.
1) “Selama ini orang sering salah sangka, padahal saya orangnya bisa mengendalikan
diri. Buktinya anda senyum-senyum berarti saya latihan stand up comedy berhasil
kan? (laugh a bit) (U96)(metaphor of mood)
(people often misunderstanding about me, actually I can control my self. As I see you
are laughing now. It means that I have succes practiced the stand up comedy. Have
I?
2) Sertifikatnya belum kami kirim, tapi surat sudah. Nah, kalo dia merasa gak ada
sertifikat. Anda harus balaskan? (U18) (metaphor of mood)
(We have already send the letter without the certificate. So, if you feel there is no
certificate, you should replay it. Should’t you?
3) Saya selalu percaya bahwa orang itu punya nurani (U200) (Metaphor of Modality)
(I always believe that the people have conscience)
4) Nah ini kontroversinya dimanan? Menguntungkan orang Jakarta kok (U222)
(metaphor of mood)
(So, where is the controversy of this case? Absolutely, it is beneficial for Jakarta
people)
3
From the example of Ahok’s utterances above, there are some interpersonal metaphors
occurred, such as metaphor of mood, modality and vocative. In clause (1) the language
function is statement but it realizes into interrogative mood through joking utterances.
Then it also occurs in clause (2) by realizes the language function of command into
interrogative with tag question in order to show his personal attitude of his characters
which straight. While in clause (3) the occurance of metaphor of modality because the topic
is sensitive which talk about corruption, and in clause (5) the metaphor of mood occur
which affected by his personal attitude.
The use of metaphorical utterances of politician such as Ahok through TV talk show in
dealing withs such various issues in DKI Jakarta is common to used metaphor especially
interpersonal metaphor which have the purpose to maintain the relationship among the
speakers. It is used to make the meaning ambiguity and do not heart people who heard that
news or make it soft rather that straight to the point. So, there are so many interpersonal
metaphor of Ahok utterances that will be occurred on TV talk show as the media of
information.
Actually, this kind of issue is not new in Systemic Functional Linguistics study. There
are so may researches which have been conducted relate to various case based on
grammatical metaphor especially in the interpersonal metaphor concepts of SFG theory for
example, Dong (2013) conducted a research of Interpersonal Metaphor in Legal Discourse:
Modality in Cross-examinations. He found that there is great difference between the
lawyer's modality and the witness. The lawyers tend to employ more high and median
modalities. It means the lawyers speak objectively and with great certain and less personal
engagement. However, the witnesses are more likely to use more low value modalities.
4
This shows that the witnesses like to speak subjectively, with less certainty and more
personal engagement. Then, Jian Xu (2013) conducted about Interpreting Metaphor of
Modality in Advertising English. It is showed that metaphor of modality can be employed
in English advertising to foreground subjectivity and objectivity, to express politeness and
to unite discourse into cohesion. Then, Nasution (2014) conducted a wider research about
interpersonal metaphor in English News Program and found others metaphor such as
exchange structure, appraisal, epithet, connotation, mental process,vocative, and
euphemism. The field of this research was in politic and presents further types of
interpersonal metaphors which used. This findings more wider and complete and in line
with the theory of Grammatical metaphor of interpersonal function.
Based on such researches that have been conducted and all the findings are in line with
the theory of SFL in interpersonal metaphors concept and took place in different fields. The
phenomena of Ahok’s utterances as a politicians is different, he speak straight to the point
while response the question from the reporter on TV talk show, but he still used
interpersonal metaphor within his utterances. Beside it, since this research take in different
fields that is political fields. So, the researcher assumed that there is a difference of Ahok’s
utterances in using interpersonal metaphor as what theories said like.
In the frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) which proposed by Halliday
which known as Halliday’s Theory, there is a discussion among other concepts of SFL, that
is about interpersonal metaphor which discussed under grammatical metaphor topic.
Grammatical metaphor divided into two main types, they are ideational metaphor and
interpersonal metaphor. Ideational grammatical metaphors are called metaphors of
transitivity. The grammatical variation between congruent and incongruent forms here
5
applies to transitivity configurations, and can be analyzed in terms of the functional
structure of these configurations (Taverniers. 2003: 5).
Interpersonal metaphor is often used by politicians or bureaucrats in order to make
meaning ambiguous, it’s done through modal and mood (speech function). This case often
occur in television news program while a politician or bureaucrat speak in discussing about
various topics.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background above, the problem of the study are formulated as follows:
1.
What kinds of interpersonal metaphors that Ahok used in Mata Najwa Talk
Show?
2.
Why are those interpersonal metaphors used in the ways they are?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectiveness of the study are
1) to identify kinds of interpersonal metaphor that Ahok used in Mata Najwa Talk
Show
2) to elaborate the reasons for the occurrence of interpersonal metaphor that Ahok
used in Mata Najwa Talk Show
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study relate to the concept Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) which
proposed by Halliday. The focus of the analysis deals with interpersonal metaphor realized
in Ahok’s utterances in Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. Specifically, the study
focuses in Mata Najwa Talk Show which broadcasted by Metro TV based on metaphor of
mood , metaphor of modality, and mental process, epithet, euphemism, and connotation.
6
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful as theoretically and practically
follows:
a.
Theoretically
The aim of this study is to show how the used of interpersonal metaphor in Ahok
utterances on Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. Thus, theoretically, it is expected that
the findings of this study can give contribution to applied linguistics particularly
grammatical metaphor of SFG theory.
b.
Practically
The English and non- English department student as the reader can take some
knowledge about the interpersonal metaphor that used by politician in politic context
through Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. In other word, it can add their knowledge to
understand the language of politicians used deals with interpersonal metaphor. It is can be
used as reference for the similar cases in the next studies which relate to interpersonal
metaphor in political field.
54
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing and drawing all interpersonal metaphor of Ahok utterances in Mata
Najwa Talk show on Metro TV program. The researcher draws the conclusion as follows:
1.
All kinds of interpersonal metaphor (mood, modality, epithet, euphemism,
connotation, and mental process) found in Ahok utterances and mood metaphor was
used dominantly by Ahok in his utterances in Mata Najwa talk show on Metro TV.
2.
There is a specialty of Ahok interpersonal metaphor of mood. He mostly used question
tag speech of language function in answering the various questions from host in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV program. So, the writer thought that it is necessary to
discussed this finding deeply under systemic functional grammar theory or other
theories if it is needed.
3.
All reasons of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata Najwa talk show on
Metro TV programs such as; make meaning ambiguity, avoiding negotiation and
politeness are in line with the theories.
4.
There is one additional reason of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV namely to entertain with jokes.
5.2 Suggestion
After having seen the result of the study, the researcher would like to offers some
suggestions as follows:
1.
It is advisable for the guest to understand the used of each kinds of interpersonal
metaphor in interaction in order to make the interaction run well.
55
55
2.
It is suggested that the roles of interpersonal metaphor are taught to the student in
Language Course and university in order to make them more understand and know
how to understand the utterances for example while having interview in seeking job.
3.
It is suggested to the next researcher and the students of English Applied Linguistics to
do further research about the specialty of using question tag in mood with other
politician under interpersonal metaphor theory or supported by other linguistics
theories.
4.
It is suggested to the other researcher and the students of English Applied Linguistics
to find out more other reason and elaborate the theory of interpersonal metaphor in the
same or different cases and filed of study.
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IN MATA NAJWA TALK SHOW ON METRO TV
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Postgraduate Program in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
MAHRANI
Register Number: 8136111040
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM THE STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Maharani. Interpersonal Metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances in Mata Najwa Talk show
on Metro TV. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate
School, State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2015
This study investigates interpersonal metaphors of Ahok‟s utterances in Mata Najwa Talk
show on Metro TV program. The objectives of the study are; 1) to investigate the kinds of
interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok utterances in talk show, and 2) to elaborate the
reason of why Ahok used interpersonal metaphor in Mata Najwa talk show on Metro TV
program. This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The data
were Ahok „s utterances in three episodes of Mata Najwa Talk show namely “Ahok dan Ibu
Kota”, “Generasi Anti Korupsi”, “Pencuri Perhatian”. The findings showed that all kind of
interpersonal metaphor, i.e mood, modality, epithet, euphemism, connotation, and mental
process are used by Ahok with different proportion. It showed that Ahok‟s utterancess has
a specialty in using language function which is realized into mood of question tag (kan) and
less use of mental process showed that he more direct and straight to the point in giving his
opinion. The reasons of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok are not whole in line
with the theories. Beside three reason of using interpersonal metaphor, they are: 1)
ambiguity, 2) avoiding negotiation, 3) politeness, it is also found that to entertaining with
jokes as another additional reason of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV.
i
ABSTRAK
Maharani. Interpersonal Metaphor dalam Ujaran Ahok’s di Mata Najwa Talk show
di Metro TV. Thesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah
Pasaca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2015
Penelitian ini menginvestigasi interpersonal metaphor dari ujaran Ahok di program Mata
Najwa talk show di Metro TV. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah; 1) untuk menginvestigasi jenis
interpersonal metaphor yang digunakan Ahok , dan 2) alasan mengapa Ahok menggunakan
interpersonal metaphor di program Mata Najwa talk show di Metro. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode qualitatif content analysis. Data merupakan ujaran Ahok dari tiga
episode Mata Najwa talk show, yaitu “Ahok dan Ibu Kota”, “Generasi Anti Korupsi” dan
“Pencuri Perhatian”. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa semua jenis interpersonal
metaphor seperti, mood, modality, epithet, euphemism, connotation dan mental process
digunakan oleh Ahok dengan porsi yang berbeda-beda. Mood metaphor lebih dominan
digunakan oleh Ahok dan yang sedikit digunakan adalah mental process. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa Ahok memiliki ke khasan tersendiri dalam menggunakan fungsi
bahasa yang direalisasikan ke dalam mood (question tag „kan‟) dan sedikit menggunakan
mental proses berarti bawha dia lebih jelas dalam memberikan pendapat. Alasan
menggunakan interpersonal metaphor yang digunakan Ahok tidak semua sejalan dengan
teori. disamping ada tiga alasan menggunakan interpersonal metaphor seperti, 1) ambigu,
2) menghindari negosiasi, 3) kesopanan ditemukan juga bahwa menghibur dengan gurauan
menjadi tambahan alsan menggunakan interpersonal metaphor oleh Ahok di Mata Najwa
talk show di MetroTV.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This piece of academic achievement is really the product of hardship and
endurance of many challenges in life. One top of a very sincere gratitude is to Allah
SWT, the Almighty, for everything that has been poured to the writer in completing her
academic studies and this thesis. There are many people who have assisted her with
advice and suggestions, but it would be impossible to name all some deserve the honor
to be noted.
She would like to thank to Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., ph.D, as first adviser, and Dr.
Sri Minda Murni, M. S, as second adviser, who have been so wonderful in giving their
valuable knowledge, critical ideas, supportive suggestions and also all the
encouragement in the process of completing this thesis. The writer’s deepest
appreciation is also extended to them for the care and attention given for finishing the
academic program.
A special thank is directed to Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M.S, Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program for
assistance in completing the administrative procedures and Mr. Farid Ma’ruf as an
administrator of LTBI who provides and give a contribution in complete the official
administration to full fil this thesis from beginning up to the end of the process.
The writer would like express his gratitude to the reviewers, Prof. Busmin Gurning,
M. Pd, Prof. Sumarsih, Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M. Hum for the sharp
criticisms, suggestions and very valuable input.
The writer’s special appreciate go to her beloved father Pangulu Waruwu, and
mother Maria Sipahutar, for their great prayers, love, attention, support and care. Also,
she is grateful to her brother Anwar Hasan, Erwin, Hengki Sandra for their support and
love.
A very sweet and special thank to her beloved boyfriend, Taufik Mulia Hasibuan,
S.Pd, for his great attention,love and support.
The writer also appreciate a thankfulness for all her beloved friends Horia Siregar
Ingrid Giberta and especially in class A-1 LTBI Khairunnisah Nasution, Riski Amrina
Sari, Farida Romaito Pohan, Auli Syaifina, Ade Rahma, Delnis Handayani and the
other friends who gave intention, though, support in order to completing this thesis.
Medan,
June 2015
The writer
Mahrani
Register Number: 8136111040
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................
vii
LIST OF DIAGRAM ........................................................................................
viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study .......................................................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study .............................................................................
5
1.3 The Objective of the Study ...........................................................................
5
1.4 The Scope of the Study .................................................................................
6
1.5 The Significances of the Study .....................................................................
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE ..........................
7
2.1 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................
7
2.1.1 Grammatical Metaphor .......................................................................
7
2.1.2 Interpersonal Metaphor .......................................................................
11
2.1.3 Kinds of Interpersonal Metaphor ........................................................
13
2.1.3.1 Metaphors of Mood...................................................................
13
2.1.3.2 Metaphors of Modality .............................................................
17
2.1.3.3 Epithet .......................................................................................
19
2.1.3.4 Euphemism ...............................................................................
20
2.1.3.5 Connotation ...............................................................................
21
2.1.3.6 Mental Process ..........................................................................
21
2.1.4 The Reason of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ....................................
23
2.1.4.1 Ambiguity .................................................................................
23
2.1.4.2 Avoiding Negotiation................................................................
24
2.1.4.3 Politeness ..................................................................................
25
2.1.5 Political Discourse ..............................................................................
26
2.1.6 Basuki Tjahja Purnama (Ahok)...........................................................
27
2.1.6 Mata Najwa TV Talks Show Program................................................
28
2.2 Relevant Studies............................................................................................
29
v
2.3 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................
31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
33
3.1 The Research Design ....................................................................................
33
3.2 Data and Data Source....................................................................................
33
3.3 The Technique and Instrument of Data Collection .......................................
34
3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study .................................................................
34
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ...................................................................
45
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ........
37
4.1 Data Analysis ................................................................................................
37
4.1.1 Kinds of Interpersonal Metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances in Mata Najwa
Talk show .....................................................................................................
37
4.1.1.1 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Mood .................................
38
4.1.1.2 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Modality ............................
39
4.1.1.3 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Epithet ...............................
39
4.1.1.4 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Euphemism ........................
40
4.1.1.5 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Connotation .......................
41
4.1.1.6 Ahok’s Interpersonal Metaphor of Mental Process ..................
42
4.1.2. The Reason of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ...................................
43
4.1.2.2 Ambiguity .................................................................................
43
4.1.2.2 Avoiding Negotiation................................................................
44
4.1.2.3 Politeness ..................................................................................
45
4.1.2.4 Entertaining ..............................................................................
45
4.2 Findings .........................................................................................................
46
4.3 Discussion .....................................................................................................
47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................................
52
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................
52
5.2 Suggestion .....................................................................................................
52
REFFERENCES ...............................................................................................
54
APPENDIX 1 .....................................................................................................
57
APPENDIX 2 .....................................................................................................
91
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Grammatical Metaphor Across Metafunctions ...................................
8
Table 2. 2 Relocation of Grammatical Aspects in Grammatical Metaphor ........
10
Table 2. 3 Interpersonal Metaphor ......................................................................
11
Table 2. 4 Congruent and Metaphorical Realization of Mood ...........................
15
Table 2.5 Congruent and Metaphorical Coding of Mental Process ....................
22
Table 4.1 The Proportion of interpersonal metaphor of Ahok’s Utterances .......
37
vii
LIST OF DIAGRAM
Diagram 1 Conceptual Framework of the Studies ..............................................
viii
32
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) theory which proposed by Halliday (1994) states
that it is very common if the bureaucrat or politician most used metaphorical than literal
utterances or un-congruent coding than congruent one. The use of in-congruent or
metaphorical utterances by politician deals with such factors in doing interaction with other
people. One of grammatical metaphor which deals with the maintaining relationship
among speakers while having interaction is interpersonal metaphor. It involves
non-congruent ways of informal spoken language which concerns with establishing and
maintaining relations with other people enacting interaction correlated with a tendency to
draw on the resources of interpersonal metaphor involved (Xue-feng, 2010: 30). In other
words, the use of metaphorical deal with the meaning based on the grammatical shifting
used by the speaker.
The reason of using interpersonal metaphor by politician deals with some factors as,
Saragih ( 2014: 74) says that a diplomat faces human beings with feeling and emotion and
therefore tries to make ambiguous meaning, where subjectivity is highly appreciated. The
diplomat depends on subjectivity can make different meanings, which are transformed into
harmonious and agreeable relations and a diplomatic experience is also expressed by
politicians or bureaucrats. He also adds that interpersonal metaphor disperses meaning into
Ambiguous one (Saragih, 2014: 73) in line Edelman, (1985:3) states that political
development and that language that describes them are ambiguous because the aspect of
event, leaders, policies
1
2
In addition, it is also occur in order to negotiate or in other cases avoiding negotiation.
Thompson (1996: 172) explains that in interpersonal metaphors the non-negotiability
associated with nominalization can clearly be a powerful weapon in cases where the
speaker or writer whishes, for whatever reason, to avoid negotiation, with its possible
outcome of rejection. While, Interpersonal metaphor is a strategy for expanding the
potential for negotiation (Halliday, 2004: 637). it means that the possible used i negotiation
or avoid negotiation based on the genre of the interaction or text.
Basuki Tjhaja Purnama or Ahok is one of the politician who uses metaphorical
utterances. He speaks different with other people done in political fields, he tend straight to
the point when answered some questions from the reporters relate to such issues but he still
use metaphorical one in such situation while interaction on TV talk show program. He
often used question tag to answer the question from host from particular topics. The
metaphorical utterances used by Ahok can be see in the following example, in Mata Najwa
talk show Ahok used un-congruent language of interpersonal metaphor when he was
interviewed by the reporter.
1) “Selama ini orang sering salah sangka, padahal saya orangnya bisa mengendalikan
diri. Buktinya anda senyum-senyum berarti saya latihan stand up comedy berhasil
kan? (laugh a bit) (U96)(metaphor of mood)
(people often misunderstanding about me, actually I can control my self. As I see you
are laughing now. It means that I have succes practiced the stand up comedy. Have
I?
2) Sertifikatnya belum kami kirim, tapi surat sudah. Nah, kalo dia merasa gak ada
sertifikat. Anda harus balaskan? (U18) (metaphor of mood)
(We have already send the letter without the certificate. So, if you feel there is no
certificate, you should replay it. Should’t you?
3) Saya selalu percaya bahwa orang itu punya nurani (U200) (Metaphor of Modality)
(I always believe that the people have conscience)
4) Nah ini kontroversinya dimanan? Menguntungkan orang Jakarta kok (U222)
(metaphor of mood)
(So, where is the controversy of this case? Absolutely, it is beneficial for Jakarta
people)
3
From the example of Ahok’s utterances above, there are some interpersonal metaphors
occurred, such as metaphor of mood, modality and vocative. In clause (1) the language
function is statement but it realizes into interrogative mood through joking utterances.
Then it also occurs in clause (2) by realizes the language function of command into
interrogative with tag question in order to show his personal attitude of his characters
which straight. While in clause (3) the occurance of metaphor of modality because the topic
is sensitive which talk about corruption, and in clause (5) the metaphor of mood occur
which affected by his personal attitude.
The use of metaphorical utterances of politician such as Ahok through TV talk show in
dealing withs such various issues in DKI Jakarta is common to used metaphor especially
interpersonal metaphor which have the purpose to maintain the relationship among the
speakers. It is used to make the meaning ambiguity and do not heart people who heard that
news or make it soft rather that straight to the point. So, there are so many interpersonal
metaphor of Ahok utterances that will be occurred on TV talk show as the media of
information.
Actually, this kind of issue is not new in Systemic Functional Linguistics study. There
are so may researches which have been conducted relate to various case based on
grammatical metaphor especially in the interpersonal metaphor concepts of SFG theory for
example, Dong (2013) conducted a research of Interpersonal Metaphor in Legal Discourse:
Modality in Cross-examinations. He found that there is great difference between the
lawyer's modality and the witness. The lawyers tend to employ more high and median
modalities. It means the lawyers speak objectively and with great certain and less personal
engagement. However, the witnesses are more likely to use more low value modalities.
4
This shows that the witnesses like to speak subjectively, with less certainty and more
personal engagement. Then, Jian Xu (2013) conducted about Interpreting Metaphor of
Modality in Advertising English. It is showed that metaphor of modality can be employed
in English advertising to foreground subjectivity and objectivity, to express politeness and
to unite discourse into cohesion. Then, Nasution (2014) conducted a wider research about
interpersonal metaphor in English News Program and found others metaphor such as
exchange structure, appraisal, epithet, connotation, mental process,vocative, and
euphemism. The field of this research was in politic and presents further types of
interpersonal metaphors which used. This findings more wider and complete and in line
with the theory of Grammatical metaphor of interpersonal function.
Based on such researches that have been conducted and all the findings are in line with
the theory of SFL in interpersonal metaphors concept and took place in different fields. The
phenomena of Ahok’s utterances as a politicians is different, he speak straight to the point
while response the question from the reporter on TV talk show, but he still used
interpersonal metaphor within his utterances. Beside it, since this research take in different
fields that is political fields. So, the researcher assumed that there is a difference of Ahok’s
utterances in using interpersonal metaphor as what theories said like.
In the frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) which proposed by Halliday
which known as Halliday’s Theory, there is a discussion among other concepts of SFL, that
is about interpersonal metaphor which discussed under grammatical metaphor topic.
Grammatical metaphor divided into two main types, they are ideational metaphor and
interpersonal metaphor. Ideational grammatical metaphors are called metaphors of
transitivity. The grammatical variation between congruent and incongruent forms here
5
applies to transitivity configurations, and can be analyzed in terms of the functional
structure of these configurations (Taverniers. 2003: 5).
Interpersonal metaphor is often used by politicians or bureaucrats in order to make
meaning ambiguous, it’s done through modal and mood (speech function). This case often
occur in television news program while a politician or bureaucrat speak in discussing about
various topics.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background above, the problem of the study are formulated as follows:
1.
What kinds of interpersonal metaphors that Ahok used in Mata Najwa Talk
Show?
2.
Why are those interpersonal metaphors used in the ways they are?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectiveness of the study are
1) to identify kinds of interpersonal metaphor that Ahok used in Mata Najwa Talk
Show
2) to elaborate the reasons for the occurrence of interpersonal metaphor that Ahok
used in Mata Najwa Talk Show
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study relate to the concept Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) which
proposed by Halliday. The focus of the analysis deals with interpersonal metaphor realized
in Ahok’s utterances in Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. Specifically, the study
focuses in Mata Najwa Talk Show which broadcasted by Metro TV based on metaphor of
mood , metaphor of modality, and mental process, epithet, euphemism, and connotation.
6
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful as theoretically and practically
follows:
a.
Theoretically
The aim of this study is to show how the used of interpersonal metaphor in Ahok
utterances on Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. Thus, theoretically, it is expected that
the findings of this study can give contribution to applied linguistics particularly
grammatical metaphor of SFG theory.
b.
Practically
The English and non- English department student as the reader can take some
knowledge about the interpersonal metaphor that used by politician in politic context
through Mata Najwa Talk Show on Metro TV. In other word, it can add their knowledge to
understand the language of politicians used deals with interpersonal metaphor. It is can be
used as reference for the similar cases in the next studies which relate to interpersonal
metaphor in political field.
54
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing and drawing all interpersonal metaphor of Ahok utterances in Mata
Najwa Talk show on Metro TV program. The researcher draws the conclusion as follows:
1.
All kinds of interpersonal metaphor (mood, modality, epithet, euphemism,
connotation, and mental process) found in Ahok utterances and mood metaphor was
used dominantly by Ahok in his utterances in Mata Najwa talk show on Metro TV.
2.
There is a specialty of Ahok interpersonal metaphor of mood. He mostly used question
tag speech of language function in answering the various questions from host in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV program. So, the writer thought that it is necessary to
discussed this finding deeply under systemic functional grammar theory or other
theories if it is needed.
3.
All reasons of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata Najwa talk show on
Metro TV programs such as; make meaning ambiguity, avoiding negotiation and
politeness are in line with the theories.
4.
There is one additional reason of using interpersonal metaphor used by Ahok in Mata
Najwa talk show on Metro TV namely to entertain with jokes.
5.2 Suggestion
After having seen the result of the study, the researcher would like to offers some
suggestions as follows:
1.
It is advisable for the guest to understand the used of each kinds of interpersonal
metaphor in interaction in order to make the interaction run well.
55
55
2.
It is suggested that the roles of interpersonal metaphor are taught to the student in
Language Course and university in order to make them more understand and know
how to understand the utterances for example while having interview in seeking job.
3.
It is suggested to the next researcher and the students of English Applied Linguistics to
do further research about the specialty of using question tag in mood with other
politician under interpersonal metaphor theory or supported by other linguistics
theories.
4.
It is suggested to the other researcher and the students of English Applied Linguistics
to find out more other reason and elaborate the theory of interpersonal metaphor in the
same or different cases and filed of study.
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