INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR IN INDONESIA NOW ENGLISH NEWS PROGRAM ON METRO TV.

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ABSTRACT

Nasution, Rini Rahmadhani. Interpersonal Metaphor in “Indonesia Now” English News Program on Metro TV. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2014.

This study investigate interpersonal metaphor in “Indonesia Now” English news program on Metro TV based on SFL approach. The objectives of the study are to identify what types of interpersonal metaphor used in “Indonesia Now”, to describe the way those interpersonal metaphors are used, and to explain in what context those interpersonal metaphors are used. A qualitative descriptive research was applied. The data were taken from three broadcasts from November 2013, December 2013, and January 2014. The data were collected by recording the “Indonesia Now” program, then transcribing those programs into written text, classifying the data into types of interpersonal metaphor, and then drawing conclusion from the data. The findings of the study show that there are six types of interpersonal metaphor used in “Indonesia Now”, namely epithet, euphemism, connotative meaning, vocative, metaphor of mood, and metaphor of modality. The use of interpersonal metaphor in “Indonesia Now” is realized by the use of incongruent types of expressing meaning. It is also found that the use of interpersonal metaphor in “Indonesia Now” is closely related to social context. The speaker use interpersonal metaphor to accurately reflect their point of view and express the emotion and this purpose can be achieved with reference to context of situation and context of culture.

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ABSTRACT

Nastion, Rini Rahmadhani. Metafora Interpersonal di “Indonesia Now” Program Berita Bahasa Inggris di Metro TV. Sebuah Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.

Penelitian ini menjejaki penggunaan metafora interpersonal pada “Indonesia Now” program berita bahasa Inggris di Metro TV. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi apa saja jenis-jenis metafora interpersonal yang digunakan pada program berita “Indonesia Now”, untuk menggambarkan dan menjelaskan mengapa metafora interpersonal tersebut digunakan dan juga menjelaskan dalam konteks apa metafora interpersonal itu digunakan. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari tiga penyiaran pada bulan November 2013, Desember 2013, dan Januari 2014. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara merekam program berita “Indonesia Now”, kemudian mentranskrip berita tersebut kedalam teks tertulis, lalu mengklasifikasikan data tersebut kepada jenis-jenis metafora interpersonal dan kemudian menarik kesimpulan dari data tersebut. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada enam jenis metafora interpersonal yang digunakan di program “Indonesia Now”, yaitu epithet, euphemism, connotative meaning, vocative, metafora mood, dan metafora modality. Cara penggunaan metafora interpersonal pada program “Indonesia Now” didasari oleh penggunaan cara yang tidak kongruen dalam mengekspresikan makna. Ditemukan juga bahwa penggunaan metafora interpersonal pada program “Indonesia Now” erat kaitannya dengan konteks social. Pembicara menggunakan metafora interpersonal untuk menyampaikan pendapatnya dan mengekspresikan emosinya dan tujuan ini bias tercapai dengan mengacu pada konteks situasi dan konteks budaya.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This piece of academic achievement is really the product of hardship and endurance of the many challenges in life. On top of everything a very sincere gratitude is rendered to Allah, the Almighty, for everything that has been poured to the writer in completing her academic studies and this thesis. There are many people who have assisted her with advice and suggestions, but it would be impossible to name all some deserve the honor to be noted.

She would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd, as first adviser, and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, as second adviser, who have been so wonderful in giving their valuable knowledge, critical ideas, supportive suggestions and above all the encouragement in the process of completing this thesis. The writer’s deepest appreciation is also extended to them for the care and attention given for finishing the academic program.

A special thank is directed to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, Head and Secretary English Applied Linguistics Study Program for the assistance in completing the administrative procedures.

The writer would like express her gratitude to the reviewers and examiners, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, and Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D for the sharp criticism and very valuable input.

The writer’s indebtness and special appreciation go to her beloved father Taufik Helmi Nasution, and mother, Yustri Diningsih, for their great love, prayers, attention, and care and especially for the good education given to her. Also, she is grateful to her brother Ade Putra Nasution, S.E. for his words of encouragements.

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A very sweet and special thankfulness to her beloved husband, Faisal Riza Aprianda and daugther, Khalisa Audrey Fayza, for their great love, prayers, attention, and care during those challenging years.

Many thanks are addressed to her colleagues in Class B of English Applied Linguistics intake XV, for the cooperation, prayers, supports, and friendly environment being in the ‘same boat’. Her sincere appreciation to all lectures and administrative staff of the Post Graduate Program of LTBI.

Last but not least, to all who care and be there when advice is needed.

Medan, August 2014 The writer,

Rini Rahmadhani Nasution

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of Study ... 5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 The Scopes of the Study ... 6

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Grammatical Metaphor ... 8

2.1.1 Types of Grammatical Metaphor ... 11

2.1.1.1 Ideational Metaphors ... 12

2.1.1.2 Textual Metaphors ... 15

2.1.1.3 Interpersonal Metaphors ... 16

2.1.1.3.1 Metaphors of Mood... 16

2.1.1.3.2 Metaphors of Modality ... 19

2.1.1.3.3 Epithet ... 20

2.1.1.3.4 Euphemism ... 21

2.1.1.3.5 Connotation ... 24

2.1.1.3.6 Vocative ... 25

2.1.1.4 The Social Context ... 25

2.1.1.5 The Way of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ... 28

2.1.1.6 The Context of Using Interpersonal Metaphor ... 30

2.2 The Structural Features of News... 31

2.3 Indonesia Now ... 32

2.4 Relevant Studies... 33

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 The Research Design ... 36

3.2 The Data Resources ... 36

3.3 The Technique of Data Collection ... 36

3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis... 37

3.5 The Thrustworthiness of the Study ... 37

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Data Analysis ... 40

4.1.1 Types of Interpersonal Metaphors Used in Indonesia Now... 40

4.1.2 The Way of Using Interpersonal Metaphors ... 55

4.1.3 The Context in which Interpersonal Metaphors are Used ... 57

4.2 Findings... 63

4.3 Discussions ... 64

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 65

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REFERENCES ... 68

Appendix I ... 71

Appendix II ... 98

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of the Study

In the era of the economic and the information globalization, the press and various media is an important source to access information. The media have been described as powerful sites for the production and circulation of social meanings. People prefer using television as the source of information to other outdated sources such as radio or printed media. It is because television is easily touched by the people. Everybody today wants to watch television to get updated news. Since English is a global language, knowing the features in English news can help us get more accurate information around the world, and can fully enjoy the fastness and convenience of the information age. The language of mainstream news is formal and special English, so there is no surprise discourse of analysis on the news has had many years of history and most of the analysis is about the vocabulary features, rhetorical features and grammatical features of news English from the linguistic point of view.

In the framework of Systemic Functional Language, among the many of the new concepts introduced, Grammatical Metaphor is one of the most important ones since it made it possible to enhance the understanding of nature of language, the semogenic process of language and the relationship between language and context.

From the perspective of Systematic Functional Grammar, this study takes English discourse as the subject and researches the different roles and functions that news discourse grammar metaphor and the different metaphors in news discourse can play. Research on metaphor has experienced the circuitous course of decline and flourish. At the first, the research is done from the perspective of rhetoric that is the traditional metaphor. After that, systematic functional linguistics studies the metaphor

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2 from the point of view of expressing the meaning, and they consider that the metaphor is not limited in the vocabulary level, but is often seen in the syntax level.

Many researches have been done on Grammatical Metaphor. Hadidi (2012) focused on Grammatical Metaphor in his research on health and political texts. He found that nominalization, a typical process leading to grammatical metaphor is a striking feature of health and political texts and makes the writing more interesting, lively, convincing and colourful. Wang (2008) found that grammatical concepts are very effective in enhancing language and literacy development for EFL learners.

Halliday (1985:321) states that if something is said to be metaphorical, there must also be something that is not, and the assumption is that to any metaphorical expression correspondence another, or perhaps more than one, that is “literal – or, prefers called by congruent. In other words, for any given semantic configuration there is one congruent realization, in the lexico-grammar. There may then be others that are in some respect transferred, or metaphorical. Halliday also adds that metaphorical modes of expression are the characteristic of all adult texts. A large number of studies have shown before that the use of grammatical metaphor theory can successfully deconstruct the science and technology text. Because of its functionality, this study will aim to explore the function and application of the grammatical metaphor theory in the news discourse.

Grammatical Metaphor is proposed first by Halliday who treated it as an important component of the theory of system language functions and made significant contribution to the metaphor study. The study of metaphor has been valued as a branch of rhetoric by the scholars. In the past, it was considered as a means of modifying language, however, the study is no longer limited to the field of rhetoric

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3 with the understanding of the metaphor, and the research also involves semantics, pragmatics, and cognitive linguistics and so on.

There are two main types of Grammatical Metaphor in the clause: metaphors of mood (including modality) and metaphors of transitivity (Halliday, 1994:343). In the terms of model of semantic functions, these are, respectively interpersonal metaphors and ideational metaphors.

Ideational metaphor is closely tied to transitivity system, which enables us to construe the world of our experience into a limited set of process types (material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential). For example: Mary saw something wonderful become Mary came upon a wonderful sight, where the process has been represented as a material process came upon and the perception has been turned into a „participant‟ a sight (Halliday, 1994:344).

Interpersonal metaphors cover the elements of interpersonal function namely, epithet, euphemism, connotation, vocative, metaphor of modality and metaphor of mood. Interpersonal metaphor of modality encourages us using the grammar metaphorically. For example, we say I think, when we mean-probably; or, I believe, when we mean-almost certainly; or, don’t you think, when we mean-definitely. Modal grammatical metaphors are found in the following sentences:

a. This is what (I think) a good teacher should be like „probably‟. (Here the modality stays in the embedded clause).

b. I think „probably‟ (that) this is what a good teacher should be like. (Here the modality applies to the whole clause).

For another example, in order to express the likelihood of John having gone to Beijing already, we may have a few possibilities:

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4 b. John will certainly have gone to Australia by now.

c. I think John has already gone to Australia.

d. It is very likely that John has already gone to Australia. e. Everyone believed that John had already gone to Australia. f. It is clear that John has already gone to Australia.

In (a) and (b) clauses the same meaning of likelihood can be realized by a model verb must (a) or a model adverb certainly (b), Halliday calls these expression of modality which occur within the clause structure itself. While in (c), (d), (e) and (f), the different degree of certainty is decided by the word with modal meaning outside of the original clause, such as verbs think(c) and believe(e), or particular types of adjectives likely (d) and clear (f). Halliday (1994:354) calls such expressions interpersonal metaphors of modality, because the modal meaning is realized outside the clause (in contrast with the standard encoding by means of modal verbs or adverbs, which lie within the clause structure).

In this case, again, the metaphors are based on a borrowing. For example the verb „think‟ can be borrowed to express a modal meaning, as in example (c). The main function of modal metaphor is to accurately reflect the speaker's point of view and express the emotion. Although the reports require the facts and objectivity of the news, the tendency of the reporter‟s subjectivity is unavoidable.

The language in the news broadcast is more formal, and the traditional grammar, such as declarative sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences are usually used to achieve the statement in the form of congruence. Therefore this study is presented to give the information about the use of interpersonal metaphor. It is intended that the use of interpersonal metaphor will make the news that is presented on television more interesting as it is used on newspaper. Some examples of mood

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5 metaphors, in particular, a question and exclamation are found in the newspaper, Because of this kind of headline can attract the attention of the readers and arouse their interest in the reports (J. Wu & L. Tang, 2010).

The researcher chose Indonesia now program because it is the country‟s first international English-language news program. The weekly show is seen in Indonesia on Saturdays at 8 a.m. and Sundays at 1 a.m. Jakarta time. Indonesia Now provides the week‟s top news stories in Indonesia and Asia, along with regular segments that take a closer look at the country that‟s home to more Muslims than anywhere else in the world. This program can be seen throughout the world by satellite and the internet, including in Japan on NHK

From the elaboration above, the writer thinks that it is significance to analyze the news broadcast in which will be focused on interpersonal metaphor because it has progressive movement to use language wider variety in any purposes and increases English mastery either in written or spoken language.

1.2The Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, the problems of the study are formulated as the following:

1. What types of interpersonal metaphors are found in “Indonesia Now” English news program?

2. How are those types of interpersonal metaphors used in “Indonesia Now” English news program?

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6 1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

1. to identify types of interpersonal metaphors are found in Indonesia Now English news program

2. to describe the theory on how interpersonal metaphor in Indonesia Now English news program

3. to explain in what context interpersonal metaphor in Indonesia Now English news program used.

1.4The Scopes of the Study

This study applies the concept theories of the systemic and other systemictists functional linguistics (SFL) proposed by Halliday. This analysis is pointed to investigate the interpersonal metaphor realized in the TV English News. Specifically, the study is focused on “Indonesia Now on Metro TV” based on metaphor of mood, metaphor of modality, epithet, euphemism, connotation, and vocative.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

Findings of this study are expected to be useful as following: a. Theoretically

The general aim of this study is to show how interpersonal metaphors are existed in the Indonesia Now program. Thus, theoretically the results of study are expected to display the relationship between system of interpersonal metaphors and Indonesia Now program as the context of grammatical metaphors is applied. b. Practically

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7 The findings will be useful for teachers in expanding the insights in terms of interpersonal metaphor and its application in the English news broadcast. 2. Student

The readers, especially for the students of English department and non-English speaking students, the results of study can be purposed to introduce them interpersonal metaphor and its application in the English news broadcast. 3. Script‟s writer

The script‟s writers for the additional information in application of interpersonal metaphor in the English news broadcast,

4. Researcher

Other researchers to conduct other research on the basis SFL in which the finding can give surprising progress in linguistic field.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

With reference to the research finding conclusions are drawn as the following: 1. There are six types of interpersonal metaphors used in Indonesia Now, namely

(1) epithet, (2) euphemism, (3) connotation, (4) vocative, (5) metaphor of mood, and (6) metaphor of modal.

2. The use of interpersonal metaphor in ‘Indonesia Now’ is realized by the use of incongruent types of expressing meaning.

3. The use of interpersonal metaphors in Indonesia Now refers to the context of situation, and context of culture.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions above, suggestions are staged as the following. 1. It is suggested that the students of English Department should have a good

knowledge in interpersonal metaphor by which they can easily investigate the position and the function of interpersonal metaphor in text through systemic functional linguistic. Then the students can apply this system in comprehending the texts and expressing meaning in their writing.

2. It is suggested that other researcher do further research about interpersonal metaphor in different discourse in order to know the different significant from the discourse and it can be more intensively described.

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67 3. This study will be relevant used by the learners to improve their ability to understand and produce discourse which are effective in conveying informations in order to make the learners become mastery in analyzing interpersonal metaphor in any discourse.

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The findings will be useful for teachers in expanding the insights in terms of interpersonal metaphor and its application in the English news broadcast. 2. Student