CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN KICK ANDY TALK SHOW PROGRAM ON METRO TV.
111
ABSTRACT
Farhani, Najla. Conversational Maxiins in Kick Andy Talk Sbow Program
on Metro TV. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post
Graduate School, State University ofMedan. 2011
This study deals with conversational maxims in Kick Andy Talk Show Program
on Metro TV. The objectives of the study are to find out conversational maxims
occur, the difference between three episodes of Kick Andy Talk Show Program
on Metro TV, and the reason of obedience and violation of conversational maxims
by the interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro TV. This
research conducted qualitative method. The data were obtained from the video
and transcription of three episodes of ''Kick Andy" Talk Show Program namely
"Pengakuan Susnoduadji", "Berprestasi di Negeri Orang", and "Peradilan Sesat".
The texts were analyzed by applying qualitative content analysis method. The
finding indicated that all categories of conversational maxims: maxims of
quantity, quality, manner, and relevance occured on the interviewees' statement
on "Kick Andy" Talk Show, except Lanjar Sriyanto (the interviewee from
Episode "Peradilan Sesat") since none of his statement violated maxims of
quality. The three episodes are differed by the variety of maxims that the
interviewees obeyed or violated and the way of obeying and disobeying the
maxims. The reason of obedience of maxims is because the interviewees just
answer the questions of the interviewer in the corridor. Meanwhile the violation of
maxims is because the topics that raised by the interviewer influence the
exploration of interviewees in "Kick Andy" Talk Show Program .
...
MH JK PERPUSTAKAAN
lJNIMED
CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN KICK ANDY
TALK SHOW PROGRAM ON METRO TV
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
M ag ish:
~:t' Humaniora
By
I'IA
ILA. - l~Ait
- - - - ~-
-I- ~- AN
I
......._...
Registration Number : 082188330121
ENGLISH APPI..IED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A Thesis
CONVERSA'HONAL MAXIMS IN KICK ANDY TALK SHOW
.
PROGRAM ON METRO TV
By
NAJLA FARHANI
Registration Number: 082188330121
English Applied L inguistics Study Program
State University of Medan
Tbis Thesis was examined on March 17th, 2011 by tbe Board ofEuminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
First Adviser
Second Adviser
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
NIP. 19610425 198601 2 001
Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd
NIP. 19660616 199403 1 006
-
APPROVAL
This Thesis was examined on March 171b, 2011 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd.
NIP. 19610425 198601 2 001
Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd.
NIP. 19660616 199403 1 006
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Prof. Tina Mariany Arif'm, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19440302 196902 2 001
-z
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP.
NIP. 19570412 198403 l 001
?
93
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of God, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. First of all,
the writer would like to thanks Allah the Almighty for His blessing in the
completion ofthis thesis.
In completing this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest
gratitude for all the generous guidance and assistance which has been given to her
by many people.
The highest appreciation goes to her two advisers, Prof Dr. Lince
Sihomblng, M.Pd as her first adviser and Dr. Didlk Santoso, M.Pd as her second
adviser for their guidance all through the completion of this thesis.
to Prof: Vr. Busmin Gum1ng, M.Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
as the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have assisted her in processing the administration requirement during the process
of her study in the Postgraduate program.
Many thanks are due to Prof: Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd., Prof Tina
Mariany Arifin, M.A. Ph.D, and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed TESP. They gave
suggesstions, criticisms and opinions for the improvement of this thesis. She also.
would like to take this opportunity to express her thankfulness to all lecturers who
had taught her during the years in LJ'Hl. ·Next, ·her gratitude also goes to all her
friends (Sister Nova, Ayu, Meida, Rini, Saadah, Brother Herman, Lestari, and all
students of LTBf Executive intake .X'V) who have given her mental and spiritual
encouragement and suggestions which facilitate her to write this thesis.
...
II
Finally, a very special gratitude is directed to her beloved parents, Drs.
Darul Aman, M.Ag. and Dra. Nani Ayum Panggabean and her younger brothers,
Ahmad Munif Hannani and Muhammad Sy:tuqi Habib for their endless love, care,
support, and prayers, until at last she can finish this thesis.
May Allah Bless
Medan, March 20 II
The Writer
Najla Farhani
..
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ---------------------------------------------------------Abstract --------------------------------------·-·------------------------------· ii
Table of Contents---------------------------·------------------ 1v
List of Appendices -----·---·--·------·---·--···--···---·-·------··--------- vi
List of Abbreviation-----------·----------------·-··-·-----·----------- vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION---··-··----····-·----······-----·--·---·- l
l ol oThe Background of the Study--- ------- - - ---- ----·-1.20The Research Problems of the Study-------···----··---··-----·- 4
1.30The Objectives of the Study·----------------- - - - 4
1.40The Scope of the Study-----·----------------·---·-----·-----·-------- 5
1.5 0The Significance of the Study---------------------·----·----
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2ol oConversational Maxims------------------·····--·-------------- 7
>
-z
?
20101 Maxim of Quantity------------·--------------·----------------- 10
201.2 Maxim of Quality-------·----------------------------------
II
201.3 Maxim of Relevance-----------------------------·-·----------·-
12
20104 Maxim of Manner------------------------------····---------
13
2020Television Talk Show------·---------------·-----------------------
14
20201 Television Talk Shows in Indonesia----------------------
24
20202 Kick Andy Talk Show Program-------------------·--··--- 25
2.3
0
Metro TV--·--------------------------------------------------·--
26
2.40Relevant Study------------------------------------------------------ 27
CHAPTER ill METIIOD OF RESEARCH---------------·--·------------ 28
3010Research Design------------------------·--·-·------------·----·-
28
3.20 Data and Data Sources-----------------··----- -------- 28
3.3 Technique of Colleting Data-·····- ------------------------- 29
0
3040Tecbnique of Data Analysis--- ---------------------------·- 29
3 05 Trustworthiness---------·------------------------------ 31
0
v
CHAPlER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FrNDINGS, AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 . Data Analysis----------------------------------------------------- 33
4.1.1 Occurrence of Conversational Maxims in Kick Andy
Talk Show Program--------------------------------------- 33
4.1.2. The Difference between Three Episodes ofKick Andy
Talk Show Program---------------------------------------- 43
4.1.3. The Reason ofObedience and Violence of Conversational
Maxims---------------------------------------- ----------- 46
4. 2.Discussions----------------------------------------------------------- 47
4.2.1. Occurrence of Conversational Maxims in Kick Andy
Talk Show Program-------------------------------------------- 48
4.2.2.The Differences between Three Episodes ofJ(ick Andy
Talk Show Program----------------------------_--------------- 54
4.2.3. The Reason of Obedience and Violence of Conversational
Maxims------------------------------------------------------- 58
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5. I. Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------- 59
5.2. Implications---------------------------------------------------------- 59
5. 3. Suggestions----------------------------------------------------------- 60
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
VI
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Transcription of Conversation ofKick Andy Talk Show-------- 62
Appendix 2 The Analyzed Data ----------------------------------------------------- 77
VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
The name of the interviewer:
A
: Andy. F. Noya
The names of the interviewees:
: Iwan
L
: Lanjar Sriyanto
s
: Susnoduadji
Sa
: Suhendra
R
: Andreas Raharso
The titles of the episodes:
BdNO : "Berprestasi di Negeri Orang"
PS
: "Pengakuan Susnoduadji"
PSt
: "Peradilan Sesaf'
>
-
%.
?
93·
..
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study
Conversation is a natural product in communicating information between
two or more persons involved. In phenomenon pragmatics always works.
In
conversation, what speaker literally says, sometimes, is different from what they
actually mean. So, the hearer should be able to understand what a speaker means
if he says something implicitly. To understand what the speaker says, there is a set
of rules including conversational maxims in order to make language users to do
-
the effective communication.
The success of a conversation depends upon the various speakers' approach to
the interaction. The way in which people try to make conversations work is
sometimes called the cooperative principle. It can be understood partly by noting
those people who are not capable of making the conversation work. It may also
sometimes found deliberately useful to infringe or disregard as when we receive
an unwelcome call from a telephone salesperson, or · where we are being
interviewed by a police officer on suspicion of some terrible crime.
ln conversation, sometimes both the speaker and the hearer are uncooperative.
This is because of some factors, such as they can not catch the information
properly from their partner in conversation and sometimes they have an intention
to lie or hide the truth.
..
2
In communicating information, sometimes speakers do not give the brief
information and make the hearers confused to catch the point of information. This
phenomenon is assumed also happens in talk shows. The interviewer is always
found to the point in delivering questions. But, there is no guarantee if the
interviewees will answet the questions briefly. Sometimes, they describe the
answer in complicated way. This will make the audiences confused and can not
catch the essential of the answer.
Therefore, philosopher Grice (1971) proposes four conversational maxims that
involve in the pragmatics of natural language. These mrus:ims are a way to explain
the link between utterances and what is understood from them in order. The
-
maxims are based on his cooperative principle, which states, 'Make your
conversational contribution such as it is required, at the stage at whlch it occurs,
by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged,' and is so called because listeners and speakers must speak
cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular
way. The principle describes how effective communication in conversation is
achleved in common social situations and is further broken down into the four
Maxims, namely Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner.
Grice ( 1971 ) suggests the four conversational maxims govern that cooperation
in conversation is based on speakers and hearers using the following guidelines to
interpret the inferences necessary to make sense of conversation. But, they
sometimes break the rule of conversation, in tills case conversational maxim. In
·conversing, they sometimes are not informative as required (disobey maxim of
3
quantity), not truthful (disobey maxim of quality), not relevant (disobey maxim of
relation), and not brief or ambiguous (disobey maxim of manner). This can cause
ineffective and uninformative communication.
The phenomenon of the conversational maxims also occurs in talk show.
Today, talk show programs spread in many Indonesian television channels, for
example "Bukan Empat Mata" on TV7, Just Alvin, and Kick Andy on Metro TV,
"Rossy" in Global TV. These kinds of program of course contain a lot of
conversation in communicating information. A talk show or chat show is a
television or radio program where one person (or group of people) will discuss
various topics put forth by a talk show host. In communicating each other, the
casts (interviewees) in the talk show often obey the maxims by giving informative
answer to what interviewer asks and violate them by giving uncooperative and
complicated answers during the talk or interview.
The example of this
phenomenon can be seen in "Bukan Empat Mata" talk show by Tukul Arwana as
the host and Yuni Shara-Raffi Ahmad as the guests. In one episode about Jakarta
Anniversary (June, 2010). Tukul asked Yuni:
.
Tukul
: Apa sih perbedaannya di Jakarta dengan karnpung kalian?
Yuni
: Ya jelas beda lah ya. Dari segala macarn. Jadi jakarta itu sangat
rnenghipnotis orang-orang urban, orang desa untuk datang. Se/ain
karena gedungnya yg tinggi, rnenciptakan lapangan pekerjaan. Jadi
banyak imp ian ten tang kota jakarta. Kayak saya ini ya udah 26 tahun
tinggal di jakarta. Pertarna kali tinggal, saya shock Tinggal di gang
sempit, pergi harus naik bus, kehidupan sulit lah di Jakarta.
In this conversation, Yuni did not answer the question at all. She did not
describe the differences between Jakarta and her hometown since she just
4
explained the reason why urban people come to Jakarta and her experience of
living in Jakarta. There is no relevancy between the question and her answer. So,
in this way, she violated the maxim of relevance. This violation will cause the
information is not well delivered to the audiences of the talk show. It makes them
confused to extract the relevancy between the question and the answer. It will
break the hope the interviewer and audiences to have the information. On the
other hand, the interviewee obeys the conversational maxims, the cooperative
communication will be built smoothly.
The example above makes the researcher curious to discover whether the
phenomena of conversational maxims occur in other talk show. In relation to this,
the researcher is interested in observing Kick Andy Talk Show on Metro TV with
Andy F. Noya as the host, because this program is one of the famous talk shows in
Indonesia. It is proved by Panasonic Awards in 2009 that Kick Andy was honored
as the favorite talk show by audience-polling. The researcher would like to find
out the occurrence of conversational maxim whether interviewees obey or disobey
them during the interview in Kick Andy Talk show. In this case, there are three
episodes to be analyzed.
1.2 The Research Problems of the Study
In accordance with the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as follows:
1. What conversational maxims occur in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on
Metro TV in its three episodes?
5
2. What is the difference between the three episodes of Kick Andy Talk
Show Program on Metro TV?
3. Why are the conversational maxims obeyed or violated by the
interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro TV?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of study can be described as follows:
1. To find out the conversational maxims occur in Kick Andy Talk Show
Program on Metro TV
2. To find out the difference between three episodes of Kick Andy Talk
Show Program on Metro TV
3. To find out the reason of obedience and violation of conversational
maxims by the interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro
TV
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Con.versational maxims occur not only in daily conversation, but also in
the interview program on television. The study is limited only in observing the
Conversational Maxims during the conversation of Kick Andy Talk Show
program on Metro TV.
6
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study have two geneml significances, theoretical and
practical significances.
Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for:
l. the enrichment of knowledge for the university students who are interested
in studying pragmatics especially in conversational maxims
2. Those who want to carry out further study on conversational
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. Interviewees and interviewers as a leading information to obey the rules of
conversational maxims during the interview
2. Speakers and hearers for having an etTective cooperation m daily
communication
..
58
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1. All Conversational Maxims such as the maxims of quantity, quality,
manner and relevance occur in Kick Andy Talk Show Program, but with
the exception of Lanjar case where there is no occurance of maxims of
quality in his statements.
2. Each episode has different phenomenon due to the maxims which are
obeyed and violated and the way of the interview obeying or violating the
maxims.
3. The reason of obedience of conversational maxims is the interviewees
still answer the question in corridor. The reason of the violation of
conversational maxims is because of the topics that raised by
interviewer. They influenced the way of thinking and exploring
answers of the interviewees.
5.2 Implications
1. Obeying the conversational maxuns m conversation is important for
creating an effective communication
2. Violating the conversational maxims can be the one of barriers m
exchanging information in communication
59
3. The choice of conversation topics influence the way speakers and hearers
in delivering their statements.
5.3 Suggestions
1. In certain situation, people will face the difficulty to speak briefly and
communicate each other in intended purpose. Sometimes, people will fail
to catch the intention of their partner in conversation. It is suggested that in
exchanging information, people should be aware of catching the sjgnal of
the speaker and try to speak in the corridor that the speaker needs from the
listener.
to the interviewees, it is suggested to catch the signal of the interviewer by
correlating the question with the precise answer. To the interviewer, it is
suggested to raise the topic that is not contained of private matter and
confusing questions.
3. to other researchers who are interested in conversational maxims, it is
suggested to conduct a research on other field of observation, for example
drama script and novel. Since it is rarely seen that the conversational
maxims in written conversation observed.
___,_. . _. . . ..---·--·-----·
...
.
MILIK
PERUSTAKI~
UNIMEll
;:\.1
1
ABSTRACT
Farhani, Najla. Conversational Maxiins in Kick Andy Talk Sbow Program
on Metro TV. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post
Graduate School, State University ofMedan. 2011
This study deals with conversational maxims in Kick Andy Talk Show Program
on Metro TV. The objectives of the study are to find out conversational maxims
occur, the difference between three episodes of Kick Andy Talk Show Program
on Metro TV, and the reason of obedience and violation of conversational maxims
by the interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro TV. This
research conducted qualitative method. The data were obtained from the video
and transcription of three episodes of ''Kick Andy" Talk Show Program namely
"Pengakuan Susnoduadji", "Berprestasi di Negeri Orang", and "Peradilan Sesat".
The texts were analyzed by applying qualitative content analysis method. The
finding indicated that all categories of conversational maxims: maxims of
quantity, quality, manner, and relevance occured on the interviewees' statement
on "Kick Andy" Talk Show, except Lanjar Sriyanto (the interviewee from
Episode "Peradilan Sesat") since none of his statement violated maxims of
quality. The three episodes are differed by the variety of maxims that the
interviewees obeyed or violated and the way of obeying and disobeying the
maxims. The reason of obedience of maxims is because the interviewees just
answer the questions of the interviewer in the corridor. Meanwhile the violation of
maxims is because the topics that raised by the interviewer influence the
exploration of interviewees in "Kick Andy" Talk Show Program .
...
MH JK PERPUSTAKAAN
lJNIMED
CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN KICK ANDY
TALK SHOW PROGRAM ON METRO TV
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
M ag ish:
~:t' Humaniora
By
I'IA
ILA. - l~Ait
- - - - ~-
-I- ~- AN
I
......._...
Registration Number : 082188330121
ENGLISH APPI..IED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A Thesis
CONVERSA'HONAL MAXIMS IN KICK ANDY TALK SHOW
.
PROGRAM ON METRO TV
By
NAJLA FARHANI
Registration Number: 082188330121
English Applied L inguistics Study Program
State University of Medan
Tbis Thesis was examined on March 17th, 2011 by tbe Board ofEuminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
First Adviser
Second Adviser
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
NIP. 19610425 198601 2 001
Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd
NIP. 19660616 199403 1 006
-
APPROVAL
This Thesis was examined on March 171b, 2011 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd.
NIP. 19610425 198601 2 001
Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd.
NIP. 19660616 199403 1 006
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Prof. Tina Mariany Arif'm, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19440302 196902 2 001
-z
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP.
NIP. 19570412 198403 l 001
?
93
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of God, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. First of all,
the writer would like to thanks Allah the Almighty for His blessing in the
completion ofthis thesis.
In completing this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest
gratitude for all the generous guidance and assistance which has been given to her
by many people.
The highest appreciation goes to her two advisers, Prof Dr. Lince
Sihomblng, M.Pd as her first adviser and Dr. Didlk Santoso, M.Pd as her second
adviser for their guidance all through the completion of this thesis.
to Prof: Vr. Busmin Gum1ng, M.Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd
as the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have assisted her in processing the administration requirement during the process
of her study in the Postgraduate program.
Many thanks are due to Prof: Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd., Prof Tina
Mariany Arifin, M.A. Ph.D, and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed TESP. They gave
suggesstions, criticisms and opinions for the improvement of this thesis. She also.
would like to take this opportunity to express her thankfulness to all lecturers who
had taught her during the years in LJ'Hl. ·Next, ·her gratitude also goes to all her
friends (Sister Nova, Ayu, Meida, Rini, Saadah, Brother Herman, Lestari, and all
students of LTBf Executive intake .X'V) who have given her mental and spiritual
encouragement and suggestions which facilitate her to write this thesis.
...
II
Finally, a very special gratitude is directed to her beloved parents, Drs.
Darul Aman, M.Ag. and Dra. Nani Ayum Panggabean and her younger brothers,
Ahmad Munif Hannani and Muhammad Sy:tuqi Habib for their endless love, care,
support, and prayers, until at last she can finish this thesis.
May Allah Bless
Medan, March 20 II
The Writer
Najla Farhani
..
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ---------------------------------------------------------Abstract --------------------------------------·-·------------------------------· ii
Table of Contents---------------------------·------------------ 1v
List of Appendices -----·---·--·------·---·--···--···---·-·------··--------- vi
List of Abbreviation-----------·----------------·-··-·-----·----------- vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION---··-··----····-·----······-----·--·---·- l
l ol oThe Background of the Study--- ------- - - ---- ----·-1.20The Research Problems of the Study-------···----··---··-----·- 4
1.30The Objectives of the Study·----------------- - - - 4
1.40The Scope of the Study-----·----------------·---·-----·-----·-------- 5
1.5 0The Significance of the Study---------------------·----·----
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2ol oConversational Maxims------------------·····--·-------------- 7
>
-z
?
20101 Maxim of Quantity------------·--------------·----------------- 10
201.2 Maxim of Quality-------·----------------------------------
II
201.3 Maxim of Relevance-----------------------------·-·----------·-
12
20104 Maxim of Manner------------------------------····---------
13
2020Television Talk Show------·---------------·-----------------------
14
20201 Television Talk Shows in Indonesia----------------------
24
20202 Kick Andy Talk Show Program-------------------·--··--- 25
2.3
0
Metro TV--·--------------------------------------------------·--
26
2.40Relevant Study------------------------------------------------------ 27
CHAPTER ill METIIOD OF RESEARCH---------------·--·------------ 28
3010Research Design------------------------·--·-·------------·----·-
28
3.20 Data and Data Sources-----------------··----- -------- 28
3.3 Technique of Colleting Data-·····- ------------------------- 29
0
3040Tecbnique of Data Analysis--- ---------------------------·- 29
3 05 Trustworthiness---------·------------------------------ 31
0
v
CHAPlER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FrNDINGS, AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 . Data Analysis----------------------------------------------------- 33
4.1.1 Occurrence of Conversational Maxims in Kick Andy
Talk Show Program--------------------------------------- 33
4.1.2. The Difference between Three Episodes ofKick Andy
Talk Show Program---------------------------------------- 43
4.1.3. The Reason ofObedience and Violence of Conversational
Maxims---------------------------------------- ----------- 46
4. 2.Discussions----------------------------------------------------------- 47
4.2.1. Occurrence of Conversational Maxims in Kick Andy
Talk Show Program-------------------------------------------- 48
4.2.2.The Differences between Three Episodes ofJ(ick Andy
Talk Show Program----------------------------_--------------- 54
4.2.3. The Reason of Obedience and Violence of Conversational
Maxims------------------------------------------------------- 58
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5. I. Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------- 59
5.2. Implications---------------------------------------------------------- 59
5. 3. Suggestions----------------------------------------------------------- 60
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
VI
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Transcription of Conversation ofKick Andy Talk Show-------- 62
Appendix 2 The Analyzed Data ----------------------------------------------------- 77
VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
The name of the interviewer:
A
: Andy. F. Noya
The names of the interviewees:
: Iwan
L
: Lanjar Sriyanto
s
: Susnoduadji
Sa
: Suhendra
R
: Andreas Raharso
The titles of the episodes:
BdNO : "Berprestasi di Negeri Orang"
PS
: "Pengakuan Susnoduadji"
PSt
: "Peradilan Sesaf'
>
-
%.
?
93·
..
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study
Conversation is a natural product in communicating information between
two or more persons involved. In phenomenon pragmatics always works.
In
conversation, what speaker literally says, sometimes, is different from what they
actually mean. So, the hearer should be able to understand what a speaker means
if he says something implicitly. To understand what the speaker says, there is a set
of rules including conversational maxims in order to make language users to do
-
the effective communication.
The success of a conversation depends upon the various speakers' approach to
the interaction. The way in which people try to make conversations work is
sometimes called the cooperative principle. It can be understood partly by noting
those people who are not capable of making the conversation work. It may also
sometimes found deliberately useful to infringe or disregard as when we receive
an unwelcome call from a telephone salesperson, or · where we are being
interviewed by a police officer on suspicion of some terrible crime.
ln conversation, sometimes both the speaker and the hearer are uncooperative.
This is because of some factors, such as they can not catch the information
properly from their partner in conversation and sometimes they have an intention
to lie or hide the truth.
..
2
In communicating information, sometimes speakers do not give the brief
information and make the hearers confused to catch the point of information. This
phenomenon is assumed also happens in talk shows. The interviewer is always
found to the point in delivering questions. But, there is no guarantee if the
interviewees will answet the questions briefly. Sometimes, they describe the
answer in complicated way. This will make the audiences confused and can not
catch the essential of the answer.
Therefore, philosopher Grice (1971) proposes four conversational maxims that
involve in the pragmatics of natural language. These mrus:ims are a way to explain
the link between utterances and what is understood from them in order. The
-
maxims are based on his cooperative principle, which states, 'Make your
conversational contribution such as it is required, at the stage at whlch it occurs,
by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged,' and is so called because listeners and speakers must speak
cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular
way. The principle describes how effective communication in conversation is
achleved in common social situations and is further broken down into the four
Maxims, namely Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner.
Grice ( 1971 ) suggests the four conversational maxims govern that cooperation
in conversation is based on speakers and hearers using the following guidelines to
interpret the inferences necessary to make sense of conversation. But, they
sometimes break the rule of conversation, in tills case conversational maxim. In
·conversing, they sometimes are not informative as required (disobey maxim of
3
quantity), not truthful (disobey maxim of quality), not relevant (disobey maxim of
relation), and not brief or ambiguous (disobey maxim of manner). This can cause
ineffective and uninformative communication.
The phenomenon of the conversational maxims also occurs in talk show.
Today, talk show programs spread in many Indonesian television channels, for
example "Bukan Empat Mata" on TV7, Just Alvin, and Kick Andy on Metro TV,
"Rossy" in Global TV. These kinds of program of course contain a lot of
conversation in communicating information. A talk show or chat show is a
television or radio program where one person (or group of people) will discuss
various topics put forth by a talk show host. In communicating each other, the
casts (interviewees) in the talk show often obey the maxims by giving informative
answer to what interviewer asks and violate them by giving uncooperative and
complicated answers during the talk or interview.
The example of this
phenomenon can be seen in "Bukan Empat Mata" talk show by Tukul Arwana as
the host and Yuni Shara-Raffi Ahmad as the guests. In one episode about Jakarta
Anniversary (June, 2010). Tukul asked Yuni:
.
Tukul
: Apa sih perbedaannya di Jakarta dengan karnpung kalian?
Yuni
: Ya jelas beda lah ya. Dari segala macarn. Jadi jakarta itu sangat
rnenghipnotis orang-orang urban, orang desa untuk datang. Se/ain
karena gedungnya yg tinggi, rnenciptakan lapangan pekerjaan. Jadi
banyak imp ian ten tang kota jakarta. Kayak saya ini ya udah 26 tahun
tinggal di jakarta. Pertarna kali tinggal, saya shock Tinggal di gang
sempit, pergi harus naik bus, kehidupan sulit lah di Jakarta.
In this conversation, Yuni did not answer the question at all. She did not
describe the differences between Jakarta and her hometown since she just
4
explained the reason why urban people come to Jakarta and her experience of
living in Jakarta. There is no relevancy between the question and her answer. So,
in this way, she violated the maxim of relevance. This violation will cause the
information is not well delivered to the audiences of the talk show. It makes them
confused to extract the relevancy between the question and the answer. It will
break the hope the interviewer and audiences to have the information. On the
other hand, the interviewee obeys the conversational maxims, the cooperative
communication will be built smoothly.
The example above makes the researcher curious to discover whether the
phenomena of conversational maxims occur in other talk show. In relation to this,
the researcher is interested in observing Kick Andy Talk Show on Metro TV with
Andy F. Noya as the host, because this program is one of the famous talk shows in
Indonesia. It is proved by Panasonic Awards in 2009 that Kick Andy was honored
as the favorite talk show by audience-polling. The researcher would like to find
out the occurrence of conversational maxim whether interviewees obey or disobey
them during the interview in Kick Andy Talk show. In this case, there are three
episodes to be analyzed.
1.2 The Research Problems of the Study
In accordance with the background of the study, the problems of the study are
formulated as follows:
1. What conversational maxims occur in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on
Metro TV in its three episodes?
5
2. What is the difference between the three episodes of Kick Andy Talk
Show Program on Metro TV?
3. Why are the conversational maxims obeyed or violated by the
interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro TV?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of study can be described as follows:
1. To find out the conversational maxims occur in Kick Andy Talk Show
Program on Metro TV
2. To find out the difference between three episodes of Kick Andy Talk
Show Program on Metro TV
3. To find out the reason of obedience and violation of conversational
maxims by the interviewees in Kick Andy Talk Show Program on Metro
TV
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Con.versational maxims occur not only in daily conversation, but also in
the interview program on television. The study is limited only in observing the
Conversational Maxims during the conversation of Kick Andy Talk Show
program on Metro TV.
6
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study have two geneml significances, theoretical and
practical significances.
Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for:
l. the enrichment of knowledge for the university students who are interested
in studying pragmatics especially in conversational maxims
2. Those who want to carry out further study on conversational
Practically, the results of this study are useful for:
1. Interviewees and interviewers as a leading information to obey the rules of
conversational maxims during the interview
2. Speakers and hearers for having an etTective cooperation m daily
communication
..
58
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1. All Conversational Maxims such as the maxims of quantity, quality,
manner and relevance occur in Kick Andy Talk Show Program, but with
the exception of Lanjar case where there is no occurance of maxims of
quality in his statements.
2. Each episode has different phenomenon due to the maxims which are
obeyed and violated and the way of the interview obeying or violating the
maxims.
3. The reason of obedience of conversational maxims is the interviewees
still answer the question in corridor. The reason of the violation of
conversational maxims is because of the topics that raised by
interviewer. They influenced the way of thinking and exploring
answers of the interviewees.
5.2 Implications
1. Obeying the conversational maxuns m conversation is important for
creating an effective communication
2. Violating the conversational maxims can be the one of barriers m
exchanging information in communication
59
3. The choice of conversation topics influence the way speakers and hearers
in delivering their statements.
5.3 Suggestions
1. In certain situation, people will face the difficulty to speak briefly and
communicate each other in intended purpose. Sometimes, people will fail
to catch the intention of their partner in conversation. It is suggested that in
exchanging information, people should be aware of catching the sjgnal of
the speaker and try to speak in the corridor that the speaker needs from the
listener.
to the interviewees, it is suggested to catch the signal of the interviewer by
correlating the question with the precise answer. To the interviewer, it is
suggested to raise the topic that is not contained of private matter and
confusing questions.
3. to other researchers who are interested in conversational maxims, it is
suggested to conduct a research on other field of observation, for example
drama script and novel. Since it is rarely seen that the conversational
maxims in written conversation observed.
___,_. . _. . . ..---·--·-----·
...
.
MILIK
PERUSTAKI~
UNIMEll
;:\.1
1