CODE SWITCHING IN “JUST ALVIN” TALK SHOW PROGRAM ON METRO TV.

CODE SWITCHING IN

“

JUST ALVIN

”

TALK SHOW

PROGRAM ON METRO TV

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

ADE RAHMAH NASUTION Registration Number: 8136111002

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

CODE SWITCHING IN

“

JUST ALVIN

”

TALK SHOW

PROGRAM ON METRO TV

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

ADE RAHMAH NASUTION Registration Number: 8136111002

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

ii ABSTRACT

Nasution, Ade Rahmah. Code Switching in “Just Alvin” Talk Show Program on Metro TV. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.

This study explains about code switching in Just Alvin Talk Show Program on Metro TV. The objectives of the study are to find out the types of code switching occurring in the talk show, the process of code switching, and the reasons for code switching in the talk show. This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The data were obtained from the downloaded videos and then were transcribed. The data were four episodes of Just Alvin talk show. The transcriptions were analyzed by applying qualitative method. The findings showed that all types of code switching, i.e. lexical, phrasal, clausal code switching, idiomatic code switching and proverbial code switching occurred in all episodes. The dominant type occurring in the talk show is lexical code switching. The realization of code switching occurring in the talk show by inserting a word or terms of English language and alternating the language in the form of idiom or proverb. The reasons for code switching were found, such as; (1) Avoiding candid talk about something sensitive and private, (2) Selecting the audience and protecting from negative opinion, (3) Avoiding candid talk about something embarrassing in our country. It is concluded that the different topic and context create different criteria too as reasons of someone switch their language. Furthermore, it is suggested to do further studies about code switching, particularly focusing on those types and reasons for code switching.

iii

ABSTRAK

Nasution, Ade Rahmah. Code Switching in “Just Alvin” Talk Show Program on Metro TV. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.

Penelitian ini memaparkan tentang alih kode di program talk show Just Alvin di Metro TV. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan tipe-tipe alih kode, proses alih kode, dan alasan-alasan alih kode yang terjadi dalam talk show tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksankan dengan metode analisi isi kulitatif. Data diambil dari video yang diunduh dan kemudian ditranskripsikan. Data terdiri dari empat episode acara Just Alvin talk show. Transkripsi dianalisis dengan menerapkan metode kualitatif. Penemuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semua tipe-tipe alih kode, contohnya lexical, phrasal, clausal code switching, idiomatic code switching and proverbial code switching terjadi di keempat episode itu. Tipe yang dominant terjadi dalam talk show tersebut adalah lexical code switching. Realisasi alih kode yang terjadi dalam talk show dengan menyisipkan kosa kata atau istilah dan selang seling bahasa dalam bentuk idiom atau peribahasa . Alasan-alasan alih kode ditemukan, seperti (1) menghindari berkata jujur tentang sesuatu yang sensitive, (2) menyeleksi penonton dan melindungi dari pendapat negatif, dan (3) menghindari berkata jujur tentang sesuatu yang memalukan di Negara kita. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa topic dan konteks yang berbeda akan menghasilkan criteria yang berbeda pula sebagai alasan orang mengalih kode bahasa mereka. Oleh karena itu, disarankan kepada penelitan berikutnya tentang alih kode, khususnya berfokus pada tipe-tipe alih kode dan alasan-alasan alih kode tersebut.

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of God, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah the Almighty for His Blessing in the completion of this thesis.

In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to her by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to her two advisers, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as her firs adviser and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as her second adviser for all of their guidance through the completion of this thesis.

Then, her appreciation also goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd as the head of English Applied Lingusitics Study Program who have assisted her in the requirement of administration process during the study in the Post Graduate Program of State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thanks to all reviewers , Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A. Ph.D., Prof. Busmin Gurnins, M.Pd., and Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd. They had given suggestions, criticisms, opinions, and improvements for this thesis. The writer also would like to express her thankfulness for all lectures who teach her during the academic years of LTBI. Then, friend in LTBI A1 XXIII who had given encouragement in writing this thesis.

Finally, her special gratitude goes to her family especially parents who had given all loves and supports.

Medan, 30 Maret 2015 The Writer,

Ade Rahmah Nasution Reg.Nr: 8136111002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

ABSTRAK ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Research Problem ... 8

1.3 Scope of the Study ... 8

1.4 Objective of Study ... 8

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 9

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Code Switching ... 10

2.1.1 Types of Code Switching ... 13

2.1.2 Process of Code Switching ... 17

2.1.3 Reasons for Code Switching ... 20

2.2 Talk Show ... 26

2.3 Relevant Studies ... 29

2.4 Conceptual Framework ... 32

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ... 34

3.1 Research Design ... 33

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 35

3.3 The Technique of Data Collection ... 36

3.4 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 36

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 36

3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 37

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSIONS .. 39

4.1 Data Analysis ... 39

4.3 Discussions ... 49

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 54

5.1 Conclusions ... 54

5.2 Suggestions ... 55

LIST OF TABLES

Pages

Table 2.1 Criteria of Types of Code Switching ... 17

Table 2.2 Criteria of Reasons for Code Switching ... 26

Table 3.1 The Episode of Just Alvin Talk Show ... 35

LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages Appendix 1 ... 59 Appendix 2 ... 111

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Study

The status of English Language in Indonesia is a foreign language, not a first or second language as well as in some Commonwealth countries. Nowadays, English in mass media develop rapidly. It can be seen in TV program especially in talk show. English is also used as code to say something mixed with Indonesian Language. The number of TV program that uses English helping the development of English language proficiency. The most exciting phenomenon is the high awareness of the need to have proficiency in English. This phenomenon leads to the emergence of code switching of Indonesian-English language. Code-switching is considered as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, linguistic product of language contact, determined in various ways by the social circumstances in which it occurs. Code-switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of interaction.

In Just Alvin talk show program on Metro TV code switching plays a significant role in disguising topics that cannot be publicly addressed. In the episode of “Mom, I’m not A Bad Son” that presents Roger Danuarta as a guest switched from one code to another to avoid candid talk about everything relates to drugs. A word sometimes needs to be encoded in a language that is sensitive for the audiences. The writer found it in Just Alvin Talk show, for example, “(1)

2

pastinya dengan kehilangan papa, pastilah semua anak pasti merasa kehilangan tapi bukan berarti itu menjadi alasan aku untuk memakai itu, memakai aaa berexperiment with drugs, no not because of that, (2) pastinya don’t do drugs

mungkin itu klise banget ya, buat semua orangdon’t do drugs, (3) kesalahan aku

ya itu tadi aku berexperiments with drugs, memang drugs itu kan banyak sekali

disekeliling kita dan salahnya aku berexperiment dengan itu, (4) yang aku

taupun kalo users should go to rehabilitation, dan juga banyak sekali yg worry

if you go to prison you get worst. Itu yg aku takutin sih, so I wish I can go to rehab, (5) untungnya sih untuk addiction itu aku gak alamin pada saat aku

pertama kali get withdrawal syndrome.”

All of the statements quoted from the talk show implied that Roger Danuarta as a guest spoke English when saying “memakai narkoba” as something that sensitive in Indonesia because it refers to the violation of the law. He switched the language into “experiments with drugs” aims to blur the meaning of everything relates to drugs to some of the audiences who do not know English, and also to safe him from negative opinions.

These reasons are different from Mesthrie (2001: 145) who states that “a common assumption of the reason to switch language is because of gaps in their personal vocabulary”. Switching is considered functional in the sense that speakers are motivated by various factors to switch at particular points in the discourse.

3

In addition, Holmes (1992: 35) argues that “people sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch”.

In Just Alvin, as previously shown Roger Danuarta seems not to close his social distance to the audiences or to show the gaps that he has limited vocabulary to say “memakai narkoba” in Bahasa Indonesia, vice versa he wants to select the audience to understand what he did with drugs. Roger Danuarta always switched the language when saying something related to drugs. It is assumed that code switching in this case used to protect him from negative opinions about the violation of law that Roger Danuarta did, which can be resulted in bad view of the audience to him as a famous person.

Previous studies about code switching had been done by many researchers, (Mukenge: 2012; Chloros: 2003; Ambarita: 2010; Purwanti: 2011; and Meiny: 2012). They tried to find types and reasons of code switching usage in particular situation. Mukenge (2012) studied about A Discourse Analysis of the Use of Code Switching in the Film Yellow Card. He finds one additional function of code switching as politeness strategy to do language avoidance. The film Yellow Card talks about HIV/AIDS where this virus is still taboo to explain clearly, so the conversation in this film always used code switching when the topic relates to something taboo in that country. This is an interesting research because we can find new function of code switching which is different from previous research findings.

4

The other research done by Gardner-Chloros (2003) talked about How Code-switching mediates politeness: Gender-related speech among London Greek-Cypriots. This study combines three topics of sociolinguistics, namely; gender, politeness and code switching. Also three functions of code switching labeled in this research are humour, bonding, and dampening directness. The writer applied those three functions and differs between gender, such as; how the Men and Women use code switching as humour or to directly deliver their needs.

Ambarita (2010) conducted a research of code switching in politic and law texts of the daily KOMPAS. The dominant occurrence of conversational code switching was caused by language ability, ethno linguistic necessity, and the purpose of the speaker, personality, situation, and social factors.

Purwanti (2011) conducted a research about Code Switching among Bilingual Teenagers. The research investigates the types of code switching used in bilingual teenagers’ conversation. Three underlying reasons for code switching were found, they talked about a particular topic, interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors) and express group identity. The dominant reason used is express group identity because the participants want to express their ability in using language by switch their language.

Meiny (2012) conducted study Code-switching in Teaching English to Grade Eleven Students of Senior High School in Tebing Tinggi. The function of code-switching in this study was to facilitate the learning which was done through translation and giving instruction. The internal factors that triggered the

5

occurrence of code-switching were teacher’s education, teacher’s attitude and the translation method used. The external factor was the students’ English proficiency. From all of the previous research findings there are no reasons implied that people use code switching to secure themselves from people’s negative opinions. It is also the reason of the writer to do further research about code switching.

Code-switching is a well-known trait in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society in the world over including talk show. When the speakers are changing the language, the speakers are using code-switching and code-mixing in one time. According to Poplack (1980: 583), “code switching is the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent”. Code switching refers to the process where someone used two difference languages in the same context of situation and at the same time. Thus, a code refers to a variety within the same language and the entire system of a language.

There are three types of code switches, as Poplack (1978) in Jalil (2009: 3) there are three types of code-switching. First, there is tag-switching, which is related to the inclusion of a tag (e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc). This type of code-switching is very simple and does not involve a great command of both languages, since there is a minimum risk of violation of grammatical rules. This type also finds in Just Alvin talk show, for example “no, I mean like pastikan

6

code switching in this sentence, as the definition of tag switching is either a tag phrase or a word or both from one language to another.

The second type of code-switching is the intersentential switching, which is at the phrase or sentence level, between sentences. For instance, in Just Alvin this type also occur, for example “what happened? How you feel now? Rasanya

gimana sekarang?” the host switch English-Indonesian outside the sentence.

The third type of code-switching is the intrasentential one. The complexity of this type of switching is explained by the high probability of violation of syntactic rules, as well as the requirement of a great knowledge of both grammars and how they map onto each other. For example, ‘Sometimes I’ll start a sentence

in Spanish y termino en español’[Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish and

finish in Spanish]. Intrasentential occur in the talk show “yang aku rasain seeing all the things that happened gitu ya” Marshanda switched Indonesian-English within a sentence.

There are two types of code switching, namely metaphorical and situational code switching (Gumperz, 1972: 424). Metaphorical code switching refers to the process in which a bilingual speaker changes codes because of the change in what is being talked about. For example, Ben Kasyafani in Just Alvin talk show said “life is like a box of chocolate” this sentence means that we cannot predict what will be happen in our life.

In contrast to metaphorical code switching, situational code switching refers to the process in which a bilingual person often switches from one code to

7

another depending on whom that person is talking to. For example, in the conversation between host and guest in Just Alvin talk show, “H: no, I mean like

pastikan kamu akan ingat bahwa kamu di tempat ini, 2010 ya pertengahan ya, G:

iya sekitar 3 tahun lebih, 3 tahun kali ya. Ya seperti itu. Ehmm, ya selama aku di dunia entertainment papa selalu mendukung aku” in this conversation Alvin switch his language when he asked about guest’s father and the situation change.

All of the explanations about code switching in particular context above there is no findings relates to the phenomenon where the reasons of the speaker switch the language aims to select the hearer and avoid hearer’s negative opinion about him/her. While the writer realized that code switching used by the host and some guests in Just Alvin talk show have many variations, a part of them in line with previous research findings and the others are not. The writer feels that it is necessary to do further research about the reasons of people use code switching based on the phenomenon that found in Just Alvin Talk Show, where the guests used many types of code switching with their different reasons.

8

1.2Research Problems

The problem of this study is to provide answers to the following questions: 1. What types of code switching are used by host and guests in Just Alvin talk

show?

2. How are those types of code switching used by host and guests in Just Alvin talk show?

3. Why are those types of code switching used by host and guests in Just Alvin talk show?

1.3Scope of the Study

The present study was limited to address the use of code switching uttered by host and guests in Just Alvin Talk Show Program on Metro TV. In this case, the study was focused on the types, process and reason of them used code switching of Indonesian-English Language during conversation.

1.4Objectives of the Study

In line with the problems, this study is intended to discover:

1. the types of code switching used by host and guest in Just Alvin talk show, 2. the processes of those types of code switching used by host and guests in

Just Alvin talk show, and

3. the reason of host and guests used those types of code switching in Just Alvin talk show.

9

1.5Significance of the Study

It is expected that the findings of the study expect are useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings of this study are expected to be useful for the readers especially for the college students who want to study more about code switching. They can enrich their knowledge on theories of code switching in order to get some information on types, process and reasons of code-switching and give the sifting to the theory that has been.

Practically, it is estimated that the result give significant contribution to assert the importance way of using code switching especially in the case of TV Program like how host and guests as a popular person switch their language. It is hope that the result of the study can give contribution for the other people to understand why people switch the language in order to avoid misunderstanding.

54

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing and drawing all the code switching types, processes and reasons in Just Alvin Talk Show Program on Metro TV, the researcher draws the conclusion as follows;

1. There are five types of code switching occurred in Just Alvin talk show namely; lexical code switching, phrasal code switching, clausal code switching, idiomatic code switching, and proverbial code switching.

2. The realization of code switching in Just Alvin talk show by inserting and alternating word or sentence from English language.

3. The reason for code switching occurred in Just Alvin talk show is because of the topic. In talking about sensitive topic there are some reasons, namely avoiding candid talk about something private and sensitive, selecting the audience, protecting from negative opinion, avoiding candid talk about something embarrassing in our country.

55

5.2 Suggestions

Having seen the result of the study, the researcher would like to offer the suggestions as follows;

1. It is advisable for the people to understand function of code switching in conversation to make the harmonic communication.

2. It is suggested to other researchers and students of Applied Linguistics who are taking sociolinguistics or conducting research to find out more reasons for code switching in other types of talk show.

3. The next research is suggested to elaborate five types of code switching found in this study and reasons for code switching in others sensitive topic relates to avoiding candid talk and selecting the audience.

56

REFERENCES

Ambarita, Esron. (2010). Code Switching in Politic and Law Texts of the Daily

KOMPAS. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Postgraduate State University of

Medan.

Auer, P. (Ed.). (1998). Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction

and identity. London: Routledge.

Becker, J. & Lissmann, H.-J. (1973). Inhaltsanalyse - Kritik einer

sozialwissenschaftlichen Methode. Arbeitspapiere zur politischen

Soziologie 5. München: Olzog.

Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Carbaugh, D. (1988). Talking American: Cultural Discourses on Donahue. Norwood: NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Cardens-Claros, M.C., & Ishayanti, N. (2009). Code Switching and Code Mixing

in Internet Chatting: between ‘yes’, ‘ya’, and ‘si’ a case study. JALT

CALL SIG Journal. 5(3) 2009, pp 67-78. The University of Melbourne and

Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga: Indonesia.

Clyne, M. G. (1991). Community Languages: The Australian Experience: Cambridge University Press.

Denzin, NK. (1978). Sociological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Fishman, J. (1972). Language in Sociocultural Change. Stanford: Standford. Gardner-Chloros, P. (2003). How Code Switching Mediates Politeness:

Gender-relater speech among Greek-Cryptos. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 4(2) 2003, pp. 505-532. Uniet Kingdom: University of London.

Gumperz, J. & Hymes, D. (Ed.). (1972). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The

ethnography of Communication. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart

and Winston, Inc.

Hoffmann, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.

Holmes, Janet. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. England: Pearson Education Limited.

57

Iqbal, L. (2011). Linguistic Features of Code-Switching: A Study of Urdu/English

Bilingual Teachers’ Classroom Interactions. International Journal of

Humanities and Social Science. 1 (14), pp 188-194. Department of English

International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com on February 2015

Jalil, S. A. (2009). Grammatical Perspectives on Code Switching. 7, pp 1-11. Retrieved from www.revel.inf.br/eng on 19 November 2014

Krippendorff, K. (1969). Models of messages: three prototypes. In G. Gerbner, O.R. Holsti, K. Krippendorff, G.J. Paisly & Ph.J. Stone (Eds.), The

analysis of communication content. New York: Wiley.

Le Page, R. B., & Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of Identity: Creole Based

Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. London: CUP Archive.

Lincoln, YS. & Guba, EG. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Marying, Ph. (2000). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken (7th edition, first edition 1983). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag.

Meiny, Azwani. (2012). Code-switching in Teaching English to Grade Eleven

Students of Senior High School in Tebing Tinggi. Unpublished Thesis.

Medan: Postgraduate State University of Medan.

Mestherie, R. (Ed.). (2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Elsevier.

Meyerhoff. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. London and New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source Book of

New Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Mukenge, C. (2012). A Discourse Analysis of the Use of Code Switching in the Film Yellow Card. International Journal of Linguistic. ISSN 1948-5425, 4 (4), pp 581-589.

Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code mixing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

58

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivation for code switching: Evidence from

Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

---. (2001). Calculating Speakers: Code-switching in a Rational Choice Model. Language in Society, 30(1), pp 1-28

Patton, MQ. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. HSR: Health Services Research. 34 (5) Part II. pp. 1189-1208.

Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPANOl: toward a typology of code-switching. United Kingdom: Routledge.

Pradina, F.A., Soeriasoemantri, & Heriyanto. (2013). Code-switching as the

Positive Politeness Strategies in Indonesian 4th Grade Students’

Conversation. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. ISSN 2222-2863 .3, pp 1-7. Retrieved from www.iiste.org on 17 November 2014.

Purwanti. (2011). Code Switching among Bilingual Teenagers. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Postgraduate State University of Medan.

Romainne, S. (1989). Bilingualism: Language and Society. Cornwall: TJ. Press.

Shin, Sun-Young. (2010). The Function of Code Switching in A Korean Sunday School. Heritage Language Journal. 7 (1), pp 91-116.

Timberg, B., & Erler, R. (2014). Talk Show: Museum of Broadcast

Communication. Retrieved from http://www.museum.tv/eotv/talkshows.

htm on Saturday 29 November 2014.

Wardaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Website Materials: (www.iiste.org) (http://www.ijhssnet.com) (www.revel.inf.br/eng) (www.youtube.com/JustAlvin.metroTV)

1.5Significance of the Study

It is expected that the findings of the study expect are useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings of this study are expected to be useful for the readers especially for the college students who want to study more about code switching. They can enrich their knowledge on theories of code switching in order to get some information on types, process and reasons of code-switching and give the sifting to the theory that has been.

Practically, it is estimated that the result give significant contribution to assert the importance way of using code switching especially in the case of TV Program like how host and guests as a popular person switch their language. It is hope that the result of the study can give contribution for the other people to understand why people switch the language in order to avoid misunderstanding.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing and drawing all the code switching types, processes and reasons in Just Alvin Talk Show Program on Metro TV, the researcher draws the conclusion as follows;

1. There are five types of code switching occurred in Just Alvin talk show namely; lexical code switching, phrasal code switching, clausal code switching, idiomatic code switching, and proverbial code switching.

2. The realization of code switching in Just Alvin talk show by inserting and alternating word or sentence from English language.

3. The reason for code switching occurred in Just Alvin talk show is because of the topic. In talking about sensitive topic there are some reasons, namely avoiding candid talk about something private and sensitive, selecting the audience, protecting from negative opinion, avoiding candid talk about something embarrassing in our country.

5.2 Suggestions

Having seen the result of the study, the researcher would like to offer the suggestions as follows;

1. It is advisable for the people to understand function of code switching in conversation to make the harmonic communication.

2. It is suggested to other researchers and students of Applied Linguistics who are taking sociolinguistics or conducting research to find out more reasons for code switching in other types of talk show.

3. The next research is suggested to elaborate five types of code switching found in this study and reasons for code switching in others sensitive topic relates to avoiding candid talk and selecting the audience.

REFERENCES

Ambarita, Esron. (2010). Code Switching in Politic and Law Texts of the Daily KOMPAS. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Postgraduate State University of Medan.

Auer, P. (Ed.). (1998). Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. London: Routledge.

Becker, J. & Lissmann, H.-J. (1973). Inhaltsanalyse - Kritik einer

sozialwissenschaftlichen Methode. Arbeitspapiere zur politischen

Soziologie 5. München: Olzog.

Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Carbaugh, D. (1988). Talking American: Cultural Discourses on Donahue. Norwood: NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Cardens-Claros, M.C., & Ishayanti, N. (2009). Code Switching and Code Mixing

in Internet Chatting: between ‘yes’, ‘ya’, and ‘si’ a case study. JALT

CALL SIG Journal. 5(3) 2009, pp 67-78. The University of Melbourne and Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga: Indonesia.

Clyne, M. G. (1991). Community Languages: The Australian Experience: Cambridge University Press.

Denzin, NK. (1978). Sociological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Fishman, J. (1972). Language in Sociocultural Change. Stanford: Standford. Gardner-Chloros, P. (2003). How Code Switching Mediates Politeness:

Gender-relater speech among Greek-Cryptos. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 4(2) 2003, pp. 505-532. Uniet Kingdom: University of London.

Gumperz, J. & Hymes, D. (Ed.). (1972). Directions in Sociolinguistics: The ethnography of Communication. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Hoffmann, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.

Holmes, Janet. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. England: Pearson Education Limited.

Iqbal, L. (2011). Linguistic Features of Code-Switching: A Study of Urdu/English

Bilingual Teachers’ Classroom Interactions. International Journal of

Humanities and Social Science. 1 (14), pp 188-194. Department of English International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com on February 2015

Jalil, S. A. (2009). Grammatical Perspectives on Code Switching. 7, pp 1-11. Retrieved from www.revel.inf.br/eng on 19 November 2014

Krippendorff, K. (1969). Models of messages: three prototypes. In G. Gerbner, O.R. Holsti, K. Krippendorff, G.J. Paisly & Ph.J. Stone (Eds.), The analysis of communication content. New York: Wiley.

Le Page, R. B., & Tabouret-Keller, A. (1985). Acts of Identity: Creole Based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. London: CUP Archive.

Lincoln, YS. & Guba, EG. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

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Meiny, Azwani. (2012). Code-switching in Teaching English to Grade Eleven Students of Senior High School in Tebing Tinggi. Unpublished Thesis. Medan: Postgraduate State University of Medan.

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