Background of the Problem

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Teaching English as a foreign language in senior high schools is aimed at providing the students to achieve communicative competence in skills such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Hymes in Freeman 2000: 121 pointed that being able to communicate requires more than linguistic competence; it requires communicative competence i.e. the ability to know, it means that knowing when, how and what to say to whom. The competence in English language as a foreign language will help the students to express ideas and feelings, and use the language in the society. They are also expected to be able to make personal or social decision and have responsibility, and make use the analytical and imaginative competencies in his or herself Depdiknas, 2004: 5. The teachers’ task is to help the students achieve the communicative competence; teachers are required to have professional competence in order to be able to teach English well. The quality of teaching learning process is based on three main factors, including: 1 students’ participation and how they take part in the process of teaching and learning activities. It means that in the process of teaching and learning activities, the students are not just sitting on the chair and listen to what the teacher talking about; 2 the teachers’ role in the teaching and 1 learning activities is an instructor to motivate the students, to transform the knowledge to the students; and 3 the last factor is the situation of teaching and learning process Soedijarto, 1993: 27. Student’s participation is based on how the teacher tries to encourage them. It means that the teacher should try to make use of appropriate teaching method in the process of teaching and learning activities. The method used determines the activities in the process of teaching and learning in the class room. To make the students participate in the classroom, the teacher has to be able to conduct a well- situated condition and strategies that make the students feel pleasant in the classroom. The use of methods, approaches, and strategies are important, but these three factors are not the key to gain the goals. The teacher is a pilot point in leading the process of teaching and learning activity. Educators try to adopt methods, approaches from western countries to make the teaching of English as a foreign language communicable. One of the approaches adopted now is Genre-based Approach GBA. It is a model of teaching used in western countries in the mid-1960s. The first implementation of GBA was begun in London in 1964 funded by the Nuffield Foundation and later the School Council, and directed by Halliday Martin et al, 1987: 58. The genre theory underlying the so-called ‘genre-based’ approach to writing development was developed and implemented in the teaching of English in Asia China and Korea, Singapore, and also Indonesia. It is known as product approach which then was replaced by process approach. In 1980s genre approach became popular along with the notion that the students’ writing could be beneficial from studying different types of written text Yan, 2005: 20. Teachers in China and Korea make studies to improve that this approach can influence the students’ competence in learning language. Genre refers to the type of communicative event and offers the following examples: jokes, stories, lectures, greetings and conversation Saville-Troike in Swales, 1998: 39. It was a communication-oriented method. When the teacher designs a task in a GBA course, she should create an appropriate environment which the task is called for. It was used to make the process of teaching and learning activities of English communicable. GBA becomes popular when the Competence Based Curriculum KBK was introduced in Indonesia particularly for English language curriculum of senior high schools. The use of GBA in the teaching of English as a foreign language is based on the perception that when someone communicates, she actually creates texts through stretches of clauses that make sense Agustien, 2007: 1. The target of this approach is for emphasizing the mastery of language competence and also to prepare the students to enter the university. On the other hand, the students have to be able to communicate in written and spoken form in daily life Depdiknas, 2004: 79. GBA was implemented in the western country, and nowadays it is used as an approach in teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia on the way to make the students expand the communicative competence. It was used in senior high schools in the same time with the implementation of current curriculum. SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta is one of the senior high schools which use GBA in teaching English. The reason is naturally, that the students acquire the language with the oral form before the written. It is pointed out on the KBK curriculum that “ Tujuan akhir pembelajaran bahasa Inggris adalah mengembangkan kompetensi peserta didik untuk berkomunikasi lisan maupun tulis Depdiknas, 2004: 84. The GBA leads the students to acquire the knowledge by oral form followed by written form. In senior high schools, oral form developed by the use of varied formal and difficult interpersonal expression with its gambits and modals Depdiknas, 2004: 87. The use of GBA is compatible for the teachers to help the students to overcome the difficulties in learning English. The use of GBA in the teaching of English is used to change the students’ perceptions that they learn the language to use to language to communicate rather than to ‘pass the final exam” or in order to get high score in the language test.. GBA was implemented in the western country, have the same orientation as the objectives stated in 2004 curriculum KBK. The KBK curriculum sees genre as a cultural context that produce different types of text, where each of the text type has its own communicative purposes, text structure, and linguistic feature Depdiknas, 2004: 92. Kim and Kim 2005: 3 have assumption that the GBA can encourage the students to participate in the world around them, to comprehend the skills as a tool that they can utilize, and to realize how they manage the content to promote logical organization in the context of culture and situation. It means that by using this approach, the students can follow such steps using written and spoken text to communicate with other people. The use of GBA in the teaching of English as a foreign language in Indonesia was aimed to make the students expand their communicative competence. It is not an easy way to implement a new approach adopted from other country, but in order to gain the main goals of National education, the use of GBA is socialized continuously in order to make the educatorsteachers to implement in the teaching and learning activities, particularly in the teaching and learning of English. SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta is one of the senior high schools in Central Java which implemented GBA in the teaching and learning of English. It is being implemented since 2004. Not all English teachers of senior high schools apply this approach in the teaching and learning of English. Some of the teachers have not understood this approach yet, even though they always join teachers’ training and the “ MGMP Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran ” meeting. They said that Genre or Text-based approach is a new approach, and it is still difficult to apply it in the teaching and learning of English. According to the KBK curriculum, the students acquire knowledge from oral form, and then written, therefore the teaching and learning activity should applied in a cyclical “ ……proses belajar mengajar disarankan menerapkan siklus lisan dan siklus tulis, setiap siklus mempunyai empat tahapan…” Depdiknas, 2004: 84. The curriculum cycle leads the students to build their knowledge about the language used in the text before enter the content of the text. The characteristic of GBA is that, it was implemented in four stages: First, Building knowledge of the field BKF. In this stage, the students are guided to discuss about cross-cultural similarities and differences; second, Modeling of a Text MT. Here, the teacher should adopt the role of assistant, guide and work closely with the students and encourage them, offering helpful feedback and suggestion; third, Joint Negotiation of a Text JNT. In this phase, the teacher should directly train the students about writing strategies; and fourth, Independent Construction of Text ICT. Here, the students are guided in listening, speaking, and reading skills. This model is cyclical and as such it can be entered at any point MDESP, 1989: 3. Some other writers add one or two other stages to the model. These stages are involve the selection and sequencing of classroom tasks and activities and are related to the starting points of topic or type of text. In implementing the GBA, teachers should understand the text type first. The text types suggested in the curriculum such as: recount narrative, procedure, descriptive new item, spoof, report, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, explanation, discussion, and review. Each of the text types has its own characteristics, social function, linguistic feature, and generic structure. Generally, in teaching English, especially in using GBA, teachers usually encounter with constraints when talking about communicative competence. These constraints include: 1 the strategy how to make the students speak up, 2 how to make them understand a reading text easily, and 3 how to make them write a short text correctly. The teacher will also predict how often the students have opportunity to practice the language in the teaching and learning activities, the limit of time schedule for the students to use the language to communicate in the classroom, or the students just sit on their chairs and listen to the teacher without having opportunities to speak. In the condition that almost all senior high schools in Indonesia consist of 40 forty studentsclass, of course it becomes a difficult responsibility for the teacher to make the language communicable. The teachers should have to use an appropriate technique in teaching the language. The questions are: What technique should be used, and what competencies should the teacher have in order to make the language communicable? In line with the situation above, it is essential to conduct a study focused on how the teachers prepare to teach, what the process of teaching English as foreign language looks like in using GBA in SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta, how the teachers transform the fourth skills and the two elements of learning a language to the students such as: speaking skill, reading skill, listening skill, and writing skill, and the two elements are: structure and vocabulary, in what kind of roles the students and the teachers stand for, what kinds of evaluation are used to assess the students’ achievements. This study also focused on the perception of the English teachers about GBA in the teaching of English as a foreign language, what difficulties, and how to conquer the difficulties faced by the teachers in using the GBA in the process of teaching and learning English. Do the uses of GBA influence the students’ proficiency in using English to communicate? In the process of teaching and learning activities, the researcher wants to know how the teachers’ planned the lesson to be taught in the sixth dimension, such as: The implementation of GBA was compiled in the sixth dimensions, Such as: 1 the teaching and learning objectives, 2 model of syllabus, 3 the strategies and procedure in the teaching of English in the process of teaching and learning activities, 4 types and function of genre in teaching and learning activities, 5 the teachers’ role, and 6 the students role in the process of teaching and learning activities.

B. Formulation of the Problem