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1. Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analysis is the analysis that summarizes the research data. It includes the measure of central tendency and frequencies. The measure of central tendency is a
statistic that represents a set of scores. It consists of mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. Nunan 1992: 28 elaborates that mean is the average of a set of scores.
Median is the middle score in a set of scores which have been ordered from the lowest to the highest. Mode is the score that occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
Standard deviation SD is a statistic representing the degree of dispersion of a set of scores around their mean. It is calculated by deducting the mean from each individual
score, squaring the resulting figures to get rid of the minutes signs, adding these together, and dividing by the number of scores minus one. It comes to the variance.
Then, standard deviation is gained through obtaining the square root of the variance Ary, 2010: 209.
The formulas of Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation are as follows:
a Mean
or
= the mean
= the sum of raw scores
= the number of cases
= The sum of frequency and scores multiplication
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b Median
= the median
= the lower limit of the interval within which the median lies = the interval size
= the number of cases in the distribution = the cumulative frequency in all intervals below the interval
containing the median = the frequency of cases within the interval containing the median
c Mode
= the mode
= the lower limit of the interval within which the median lies = the interval size
= the frequency of interval containing mode reduced by that of the
previous interval = the frequency of interval containing mode reduced by that of the
following interval
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d Standard Deviation
or
σ
= the standard deviation = the sum of the squares of each score that is, each score is first
squared, then these squares are summed = the sum of the scores squared the scores are first summed, then the
total is squared
= the number of cases in the distribution After analyzing the central tendencies, frequencies f are used to measure the
number of occurrences of the data. Frequencies also give the information of the subject performance on the test. In this research, the test measured is the listening
test. The frequencies are presented in the class intervals which are used in „condensing, organizing, and summarizing the data when the score range is large’
Selinger and Shohamy, 1999: 211-213. .
2. Inferential Analysis
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