will have and how he will get it, and so the additive pronoun nawe highlights the similarity between the addressee and the crocodile, and indicates that the two clauses should be interpreted in parallel.
Digo Nicolle 2015:12 50 Na=we ka-rim-e
yo tsulu
wala ku-nda-on-a ndzala.
COM
=2
SG ITIVE
-farm-
SUB
9.
DEM
_
REF
9.anthill nor 2
SG
.
NEG
-
FUT
-see-
FV
9.hunger
‘You likewise go and farm that anthill and you will not experience hunger.’
In Kabwa, the additive pronoun wonse can be used in this way, so long as the participant referred to is particularly important in the narrative. However, this function has been extended to indicate that a
participant is important at a particular point in a narrative, or to emphasize an action performed by that participant, without the need for any previous parallel clause Walker 2011:33–34.
4.4.3 Exclusiveemphatic pronouns
The majority of the languages in the study have what is termed an exclusive or emphatic pronoun consisting of a nominal prefix and the suffix -ene or -enye. Grammatically, these roots behave as
adjectives as Cammenga 2004:212 notes with respect to - n in Kuria, and like the additive pronouns,
emphaticexclusive pronouns often co-occur with another nominal expression, including independent pronouns.
The function of this kind of pronoun is to indicate that a certain participant—and no other—is being referred to, either because this participant alone is involved in the event being described, or because the
involvement of other participants is irrelevant. In the Malila example below, w ʉʉyo mwene indicates that
Mbiida alone remained unmarried. Malila Eaton 2015b:22
51 Pe na bhasakhaala bhe bhá-kul-il-e peeka
nu Mbiida, then
COM
2.men 2.
REL
3
PL
.
P
2-grow-
ANT
-
FV
together
COM
name bhonti bha-kheeg-a
abhashɨ, a-kha-syal-a wʉʉyo mwene.
2.all 3
PL
-
NARR
.take-
FV
2.wives 3
SG
-
NARR
-remain-
FV
he himself
‘Then the men who were together with Mbiida, all of them took wives, he remained by himself.’
The 3
SG
form in -ene or -enye, which is found in texts in all of the languages except Kwaya and Rangi, is cognate with the noun meaning ‘owner’. In the following Makonde example, mwene is used first
as an exclusive pronoun referring to a fisherman the protagonist in the story and then as a noun referring to the owner of the boat.
Makonde 52 Yomba jumo akannipe
udeni, 5.fish 5.one he.would.pay.it 14.debt
junji aju akanniele
mwene na ndyagwe
5.fish 5.
DEM
_
PROX
he.would.eat.it 1.
EXCLUSIVE COM
1.his.wife junji
aju akannipe
mwene ingalava.
5.other 5.
DEM
_
PROX
he.would.pay.it 1.owner 9.boat ‘With one fish he would pay his debts, another fish he would eat it himself with his wife, and the
third he used to pay the owner of the boat.’ Malila also has a form wenéwo bhenebho in class 2; yeneyo in class 9 which has a similar function
to the emphatic pronoun. Eaton 2015b:22 calls it the ‘objective’ pronoun because it is restricted to object position, whereas the emphatic pronoun can function as part of either a subject or an object. The
objective pronoun appears to be a genuine pronoun, since it functions alone as a NP and does not modify other NPs.
4.4.4 Forms with -eki
