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3. retention implies storage system, memory, cogntive, organization.
4. learning involves active, conscious focus on acting upon events outside or inside
the organism. 5.
learning is relatively permanent but subject forgetting. 6.
learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7.
learning is a change in behavior. Brown,1994:7
C. Teaching Vocabulary
According to I.S.P Nation
Tea ching Voca bula ry stra tegies a nd Techniques,
occurs in the language its frequency and how widely i Nation,2008:7
Vocabulary is basic in communication. It is also very important for the acquisition process. If the students do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by
those who address them, they will be unable to participate in the conversation. Krashen,1995:155
Harmer stated, vocabulary teaching has not always been very responsive to such problems, and teachers
have not fully recognized the tremendous communicative advantage in developing an extensive vocabulary.Harmer,2002:13
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Learners do not know a word, they must discover its meaning by guessing from their structural knowledge of the language, guessing from the context, using reference
materials, or asking someone else. Brown and Payne in Hatch and Brown,1995:372 propose strategies in teaching
vocabulary. According to them, the teachers have always been naturally interested in how learners go about learning vocabulary. If they know more about learner strategies and what
works and what does not work well, they can help learners acquire more profitable strategies.
Successful language learning outside the school is generally in a situation where the learner can see what is named by the word to be learned. Whenever possible, that
condition of successful vocabulary learning should be provided in second language classrooms. Allen,1983:33
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that vocabulary is total numbers of words in a language that individual speaker might use to convey their
meanings. The terms of vocabulary refer to a list or set of words for a particular language or a list or set of words that individual speakers of language might use.
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D. Young Learners
According to Sarah Philips in her book
Young Lea rners,
young learners mean children from the first year of formal schooling five or six years old to eleven, or twelve
the book- level one in beginner stage. The eight to ten years old are also beginners, or they may have
been learning the foreign language sometimes, so there are both level two pupils in the eight to ten age group.
The beginners of eight to ten years old will not respond well to an activity that they perceive as childish, or well below their intellectual level. As general rule, it can be
assumed that the younger the children are the more holistic learner they will be. Younger learners respond to a language according to what it does or what they can do with it, rather
than treating it as an intellectual game or abstract system. There are some points to make the English class an enjoyable for beginners:
1. the activities should be simple enough for the children to understand what is
expected of them. 2.
the task should be within their abilities. 3.
the activities should be largely orally based indeed, with very young children listening activities will take up a large proportion of class time.
4. written activities should be used sparingly with younger children.
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interaction with adults, and the use of stories in young learner classrooms would seem to offer similar rich opportunities for learning vocabulary indirectly, or incidentally, while
attending to something else. Cameron,2001: 91 The children like to learn about something new that they consider unusual and
make them enjoyable. Young learners also interested in knowing further about something new in their surroundings.
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CHAPTER III DISCUSSION
