Coding Data Analysis Technique

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D. Instrument

Since the researcher used a simak observation method and was continued by simak bebas libat cakap technique, so the instrument used in this technique was the writer himherself. Next, the writer used note technique on data sheet and was continued by classification Sudaryanto 1993:135-136.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Having collected the data of directive acts, the researcher did the analysis based on the aim of the study. She did these four steps; coding, classification, description, and interpretationexplanation. The followings are the explanation of the four steps.

1. Coding

The focus of this study was the speech acts of refusals SARs. The semantic formula obtained from the data was identified into different SARs. Each SAR was then given a code to ease the process of analysis. If in the process of coding, some of the semantic formula provided by Beebe and Takahashi 1990 in Nguyen, 2006 were not found in the data gathered, they would be removed from the list of semantic formula. The classification of refusals proposed by Beebe and Takahashi 1990 in Nguyen, 2006:30-31 was as follows: I. Direct: A. Performative B. Non-performative statement 1. “No” 2. Negative willingness abilitystatement of unwillingness 35 II. Indirect A. Statement of regret B. Wish C. Excusereasonexplanation D. Statement of alternative 1. I can do X instead of Y 2. Why don’t you do X instead of Y E. Set condition for future or past acceptance F. Promise of future acceptance G. Statement of principle H. Statement of philosophy I. Attempt to dissuade interlocutor 1. Threatstatement of negative consequences to the requester 2. Guilt trip 3. Criticize the requestrequester, etc. 4. Request for help, empathy, and assistance by dropping or holding the request. 5. Let interlocutor off the hook 6. Self defence J. Acceptance that functions as a refusal 1. Unspecific or indefinite reply 2. Lack of enthusiasm K. Avoidance 1. Nonverbal 2. Verbal a. Topic switch b. Joke c. Repetition of part of request, etc. d. Postponement e. Hedging f. Ellipsis g. Hint III. Adjuncts to Refusals 1. Statement of positive opinionfeeling or agreement 2. Statement of empathy 3. Gratitudeappreciation 36 Table 1 shows the number of SARs which were found in the data and had been given codes. Table 1: List of Code of SARs Speech Acts of Refusals Code Direct 1. No IA 2. Statement of unwillingness IB Indirect 1. Statement of regret IIA 2. Wish IIB 3. Excusereasonexplanation IIC 4. Statement of alternative IID 5. Set condition for future or past acceptance IIE 6. Promise of future acceptance IIF 7. Statement of principle IIG 8. Attempt to dissuade interlocutor a. Threatstatement of negative consequences to the requester IIH IIH1 b. Criticize the requestrequester, etc. IIH2 c. Request for help, empathy, and assistance IIH3 d. Let interlocutor off the hook IIH4 e. Self defence IIH5 9. Acceptance that functions as a refusal III 10. Unspecific or indefinite reply IIJ 11. Avoidance a. Nonverbal IIK IIK1 b. Verbal a. Topic switch IIK2 IIK21 b. Joke IIK22 c. Repetition of part of request IIK23 Adjuncts to Refusal 1. Statement of positive opinionfeeling or agreement IIIA 2. Gratitudeappreciation IIIB 3. Pause filler IIIC 4. Statement of caution IIID 5. Addressing term IIIE

2. Classification