Underlying Theory Definition of Term

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G. Underlying Theory

Pragmatics is the study of how language is used for communication Parker, 1986:11 in Nadar, 2009:4. Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language. Such a scope for pragmatics would include the study of deixis, including honorifics and the like, and probably the study of presupposition, and speech acts Levinson, 1983:9. Actions performed via utterances are called speech acts such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request. These descriptive terms for different kinds of speech acts apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his or her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding the utterance. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called the speech event Yule, 1996:47. The concept and theory used to analyze the data of this study is the theory of speech act, the directive speech act, the acts of refusal, the face threatening acts FTAs, the theory of politeness strategy, the refusal strategy, and the Illocutionary Force Indicating Device IFIDs. The detailed explanation about the underlying theory will be presented in chapter II. 9

H. Definition of Term

The definitions of terms in this study are: 1. Directive speech act DSA is an act which is done by the speaker in order to get the hearer do something as uttered by the speaker. 2. A Refusal is a negative response to an offer, request, invitation, suggestion, etc. Vandervaken 1990:185 defines the speech act of refusal as follows: “The negative counterparts to acceptances and consents are rejections and refusals. A refusal is the illocutionary denegation of the acceptance of a request. 3. Face threatening acts are acts that infringe on the hearers need to maintain hisher self-esteem, and be respected. 4. Politenes strategies are strategies developed in order to save the hearers face. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintain that self-esteem in public or in private situations. 10 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES This second chapter explains the related previous study, the theories underlying the study; the theory of speech act, the directive speech act, the acts of refusal, the face threatening acts FTAs, the politeness strategy, the refusal strategy, and the Illocutionary Force Indicating Device IFIDs.

A. Previous Study