Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
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researcher eliminated her prejudice, bias, and supposition about the research topic. It is also called Epoche. After that, the interviews were held and the data were
recorded. According to Tesch 1990 and Moustakas 1994, there are some steps to
be taken in analyzing the data of phenomenological research. First, the researcher reads the entire data right after they are gathered. Tesch 1990 emphasizes that
the researcher does more than ta king notes during the reading. “The researcher
immerses herhimself in the data, reads and rereads, and dwells with the data, so she may achieve closeness to them and a sense of the whole.
” Second, the researchers would look at the entire interview transcription of each participant and
decide what answers are meaningful and relevant to the research questions. The data which are meaningful and relevant should be the expressions that are
considered necessarily related to the experience. This process is known as bracketing. Third, the expressions which are redundant, “overlapping”, unclear,
and irrelevant to the experience are eliminated. It is also called horizonalizing. Moustakas, 1994.
Fourth, some themes or meaning units are developed from the meaningful and relevant data or Horizons of each participant. The participan
t’s experience is then elaborated into “individual textural description” which is placed in those
meaning units. The description includes verbatim expressions used by the participants that are taken from research transcript. Fifth, the structural description
of experience is constructed based on the textural description and influenced by the participant’s background. Sixth, the textural and structural descriptions are
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integrated and elaborated into descriptive form, from which the meaning and new knowledge are drawn.
In the process of describing and elaborating the themes, the researcher mentioned some participants’ utterances that could support the description. The
code of each utterance was also mentioned in order to ease the readers in finding the utterances in the interview bracket. The interview bracket for each participant
can be found in Appendix 2, Appendix 3 and Appendix 4. The code consisted of the number of each participant and the lines those utterances were taken from. For
example, code 1:2-4 meant that the utterances belonged to Participant 1 and were taken from line two to four in Participant 1
’s interview bracket. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI