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Seidman, 1991. The interview involves asking and answering questions, listening and speaking, expressing opinion, belief and interest. The conversations
of asking and answering are then recorded Neuman, 2006. Sometimes, the data needed for phenomenological research “may only consist of no more than one
interview.” Tesch, 1990 In this research, there were three interviews conducted by the researcher nevertheless. These interviews had the same basic questions that
were elaborated based on the interview blueprint so that the answers could really answer to the research problem. The interview blueprint was attached as
Appendix 1. There are an advantage and a disadvantage in using field interview in a
research. An interview enables the researcher to ask follow-up questions, which let the researcher to gain deeper and clearer data. On the other hand, when it
comes to sensitive and negative aspects toward the participants or other people, that particular information would not be unlikely to be revealed in the face-to-face
interview Borg and Gall, 1983. This situation were overcome when the researcher created the comfortable and relaxed atmosphere during interview, built
trustworthiness between the researcher and the participants, and ensured the participants that the researcher would strive for the confidentiality of the study.
Therefore, the each participant was given one copy of her consent form.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In analyzing the research data, the researcher used Moutakas’ phenomenological data analysis techniques 1994. In his book, Moustakas
proposes some steps which are necessary to be applied in order to arrive at the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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valid description of meanings and essences of one’s lived experience. Those steps are epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis.
a. Epoche
Epoche is the first step in phenomenological data analysis process. It means that the researchers should put aside their biases, tendencies, and prejudices about
the things which are studied. The researchers also need to eliminate their previous knowledge and everyday supposition since those things tend to bias the
researchers about the truth and reality. The purpose of epoche is to derive the new knowledge without influencing it. Therefore the experiences could be retrieved as
it expresses itself and perceived to be just like it appears.
b. Phenomenological Reduction
There are four steps in phenomenological reduction. The first step is bracketing which limits the focus of the interview result only to the research topic
and questions. The interview data that are not related to the research topic or questions should be eliminated. The second step is horizonalizing in which the
redundant and overlapping statements as well as the fillers are removed. However, these statements are treated equally in horizonalizing. This process left the
essential statements that are called the Horizons. These horizons are then gathered and placed in brackets. Brackets in this second step differ from bracketing that
was mentioned in the first step. The third step is creating some themes out of those Horizons. The themes extracted from those brackets should cover all the
participants’ beliefs. Then the last one is elaborating those themes and Horizons PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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into individual textural description. In individual textural description, the themes extracted earlier are elaborated more personally based on each participant’s belief
and experience.
c. Imaginative Variation
Imaginative variation aims to find out some factors that were underlying the experiences. The factors could be “possible structures of time, space, materiality,
causality, and relationship to self and to others Moustakas, 1994. Those factors raise the awareness that there are infinite possible factors which are closely related
to the meanings of experiences. Through imaginative variation, the researchers are able to achieve the structural description of experience from the textural
description that is gained through phenomenological reduction.
d. Synthesis of Meanings and Essences
The phenomenological data analysis technique is ended by integrating the textural description and structural description. Then, more general and reflective
themes are extracted for summarizing the participants’ beliefs and experiences. From these themes, the description about the meanings or essences of the
experiences should be generated.
F. Research Procedure
The researcher started the research process by designing a research plan including the blue print, the questions and the participants. Then the
participants’ were asked to participate in the research and decide the date and time for the
interview together with the researcher. Before conducting the research, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
