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3 Questioning skills and reinforcement
Some components in questioning skills and reinforcement are clarity and relevance, types of questions, speed and pauses, distribution of questions,
teacher’s response, qualified questions, verbal reinforcement, non-verbal reinforcement, and reinforcement techniques.
The components skills of teaching explained above are the components that the trainees need to develop in Microteaching class to be a teacher.
2. Perception
a. Factors Influencing Perception
Some factors influence the way people perceive thing differently and those factors can be classified into:
1 External Factors
These factors come from the perceiver, target, and the situation. Robbins, 2005:134. Robbins mentioned that the factors in the perceiver include
attitudes, motives, interests, past experience and expectations, while the factors in the target are like novelty, motion, sounds, size, background,
proximity, and similarity. The last external factor that is important is the situation such as time, work setting, and social setting.
2 Internal Factors
Altman et al. 1985:86 explained some factors which influence one’s perception and three of the most important are:
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a Selection of stimuli
When one see things, one is about to select a small number of the stimuli exist and that was called selection. People perceive things differently since
they select specific cues and filters, or screens. People use the cues and filters or screens when they found something distracting. Everyone has different
threshold to filter that distraction. b
Organization of stimuli The information that has been selected should be organized. This
organization is aimed at making the information becomes meaningful. The minds will work to organize the information by selecting items and putting it
together based on experience. c
Self-concept Self-concept is the way one feels about and perceives himself. Altman et al.
1985:90 also stated that the way one sees himself affects his perception of the world around him. Self-concept is important because the concept in our
mind provides much influence on how we perceive things. 3
Difficulty Factors in Perception Altman et al. stated that the perception process of one people to another is
different and this difference causes the difficulty 1985:91. The four factors contributing the difficulty according to Altman are:
a Stereotyping
Stereotyping is the process of categorizing people or things based on a limited amount of information. Such stereotyping can be formed of what
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people see, hear, and experience from their surrounding like school and mass media. Stereotyping helps the decision maker simplifies the situation. Another
explanation about stereotyping is that it is when one judges someone on the basis of his perception of the group which he or she belongs Robbins,
2005:140. b
Halo effect It is closely related to stereotyping. According to Altman 1985:92, Halo
effect refers to the use of a known particular trait as the basis for an overall evaluation. For example, a student who registers in a university and finds that
the registration committee is friendly, he may decide that the university offers friendly environment.
c Perceptual defense
People have tendency to select or attend to information that supports their viewpoints, and concurrently, to ignore or fail to perceive information that is
contrary to their opinions Altman et al, 1985 d
Projection Projection occurs when one attributes his own feelings to others.
3. Feedback
