Method of the Study Qualitative Analysis

49 CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE STUDY

3.1. Method of the Study

In the research of transactional and interpersonal conversation in the English textbook of grade VII junior high school, I conducted the analyses to speech function, linguistic features, social contextual factors and politeness. Subsequently the texts were divided into transactional and interpersonal conversations. In speech function analysis, the unit of analysis was move. One move usually comprises more than one clause. The clauses are then analyzed based on the theory suggested by Eggins and Slade 1997 about structural- functional approach. This approach is relevant to be applied to two major approaches, structural and functional analysis. Structural analysis was applied to analyzing the linguistic features in the conversation texts. Functional analysis on the other hand, was used to find out speech function of every clause in the transactional and interpersonal conversation texts. Text describes participant’s exchange that were used to analyze the politeness. There are four types of politeness strategies as described by Brown and Levinson 1987 . They are Bald On Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness, and Off-Record-indirect strategy. And then, context of the conversation texts is the unit of social contextual factors analysis based on the components of socio- cultural competence described by Celce-Murcia 1995 50 The analysis approaches applied in this research are qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is applied to interpret speech function and linguistic feature contained in mood system of every clause based on the standard of content and also to describe the social contextual factors and politeness in the conversation texts. Quantitative analysis is applied to calculate numerical data gained from linguistic features on the conversation text.

3.2. Qualitative Analysis

A study of qualitative is designed to be consistent with the assumptions of a qualitative paradigm as Cresswel 1994 explains that this study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting. In other words, in terms of qualitative analysis, Mayring 2000 says that qualitative analysis is an approach of empirical, methodological controlled analysis of texts within their context of communication following analytical rules and step by step models, without rash quantification. From those definitions, I can conclude that qualitative analysis is an approach to the research method which analyzes social or human activities which raise problems that need to be solved empirically and methodologically in a natural or innatural setting. The qualitative analysis consists of many techniques for systemic text analysis. The main idea of procedure of analysis is to preserve the advantages of qualitative analysis as developed within communication science. Mayring 2000 gives 51 explanation that there are four points of qualitative research that should be taken into account by qualitative research. They are : 1 .Fitting the materials into a model of communication, it should be determined on what part of communicative interferences shall be made, to an aspect of the communicator his experiences, opinions or feelings to the situation text production, to the socio-cultural background, to the text itself or the effect of the messages. 2. Rules of analysis ; the material is to be analyzed step by step, following rules of procedure, devising the materials into analytical units. 3. Categorizing in the center of analysis ; the aspects of text interpretation that follow the research questions are put into categories which were carefully found and revised within the process of analysis. 4. Criteria of realibility and validity ; the procedure has the pretension to be comprehensible, to compare the result with other studies in the sense of triangulation and carry out checks for realibility. And also for qualitative analysis, Marshall and Rossman 1989 explain that it is essential that the strengths of qualitative studies be emphasized , the research should expand on the value of qualitative studies . The values of qualitative studies Marshall and Rossman, 1989 : 26 are : 1. Qualitative research cannot be done experimentally. 2. It delves in depth into complexities and processes. 3. Qualitative research seeks to explore where and why policy, folk wisdom and practice that do not work. 4. It is suitable to be conducted unknown societies or innovative systems. 5. It is also appropriate to be conducted on informal and unstructured linkages and processes in organizations. Finally, it is for the research on real, like opposed to be stated or organizational goals. 52 Based on Marshall and Rossman theories, there are two value qualitative studies which are appropriate with the analysis of the conversation text. They are that qualitative research cannot be done experimentally and it delves in depth into complexities and process. Based on the theories above, I conducted the qualitative analysis in this study to interpret and describe the social contextual factors, politeness, speech function and linguistic features in transactional and interpersonal conversation texts found in the English textbook grade VII for junior high school.

3.3. Quantitative Analysis