The Impact of Students’ Characteristics on EGRA Results
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A regression model was also applied in order to understand the impact of parents’ and teachers’ characteristics on the ORF and reading comprehension. There were three variables
of parents’ characteristics that had significant impacts on students’ reading performance, namely: parents’ income, parents’ level of education, and parents’ main language at home.
From these three variables, parents’ income had the largest impact on the ORF and reading
comprehension scores. A student from a better economic background was expected to have an increase of about 13.86 words per minute on the ORF and an increase of almost 30
higher correct answers on the reading comprehension.
Table 4.29: Oral Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension: Impact of Parents’ Characteristics
In addition, students who had parents with a good education level senior high school or university graduate were associated with 5 additional words per minute in the ORF and 7-
8 more correct answers in the reading comprehension as opposed to students with uneducated parents. Parents language at home also had a significant impact. A student who
had parents who mainly spoke in Indonesian language at home provided an expected increase of about 5 words per minute on the ORF and almost a 10 increase in the correct answers
of reading comprehension.
SSME Category
Indicator ORF
Wordsminute Reading
Comprehension Correct
Parent Parent’s Income
Less than 500.000 IDR ref -
- 500.000
– 999.999 IDR 0.05
1.40 1.000.000
– 2.999.999 IDR 1.25
2.00 3.000.000
– 6.000.000 IDR 9.03
14.70 More than 6.000.000 IDR
13.86 26.90
Parent’s level of education
Never study ref Primary school
1.01 1.00
Junior high school 0.81
0.80 Senior high school
5.42 7.50
University 5.42
6.70 Parent’s Language
Indonesian Language 5.31
9.60 Local Language
- -
Constant 3.82
5.00 ref : signifies the reference group
: indicates statistical significance at the .05 level
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To understand the impact of teachers’ academic qualifications on students’ reading performance, a regression analysis was also applied. A student, who was taught by a senior
high school graduate teacher, provided an expected increase of about 7 words per minute in the ORF and 8.60 increase of correct answers in the reading comprehension. A similar
impact was also identified from teachers who were university graduates.
Table 4.30: Oral Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension: Impact of Teachers’ Characteristic