GM and Non-GM Rumen Microbes in Enhancing Animal Productivity
GM and Non-GM Rumen Microbes in Enhancing Animal
Productivity
T. S. Park, J. K. Seo and Jong K. Ha
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and
Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,
Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
Abstract
Rumen microbes has been extensively used for manipulating the rumen ecology.
Genetically modified or non genetic modified are both the type of application for
enhancing the ruminal fermentation and improving the performance of ruminants.
Construction of genetic modified rumen microbes has been succeeded with adding the
various kinds of traits, such as improving fiber digestion, detoxification or reducing
methane production in the rumen. This modification strategy mainly targeted into
the predominant ruminal bacteria including Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Streptococcus
bovis and Prevotella ruminicola. However, directly introducing the GM microbes
to the rumen ecology is very limited. Recombinant Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens which
was transformed with fluoroacetate dehalogenase gene can protect the host animal
from plant toxin poisoning. Since the usage of GM microbes has restricted in most
countries for its potential risks, many research have been focused on another
approach with Non-GM microbes. There are many researches for checking the effect
of diverse Non-GM rumen microbes for enhancing the CLA production, mitigation
of methane emission, and the possibility as probiotics through in vitro and in vivo.
The results show that this alternative use of Non-GM rumen microbes can be an
intense candidate for improving the animal productivity through manipulation of
rumen ecology. We discussed about how the GM and Non-GM rumen microbes have
been used during the last decade and its potential aspects to contribute to the animal
productivity.
Keywords: animal productivity, genetic modified, rumen microbes
Introducton
Manpulaton of rumnal fermentaton has been one of the preferred methods
n mprovng the performances of rumnant anmals and rumen mcrobes have
been extensvely used for manpulatng rumen ecology. The contrbuton of
rumen mcrobes n ts ecology has been partally defned wth predomnant rumen
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
3
bactera; Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola and Streprococcus bovis
whch occupy a large populaton n the rumen and ths fact allows them to be a
proper target for genetc manpulaton (Selnger et al., 1996; Eknc et al, 2002).
The leadng purposes of genetc manpulaton of predomnant rumen mcrobes are
ncreasng the fbrolytc actvty, detoxfcaton, lmtaton of proten degradaton
or mprovng mcrobal proten synthess n the rumen (Forano and Flnt., 2000).
Although some successful evdences have been reported under n vtro condtons,
effcacy of genetcally modfed rumen mcobes has been margnal under n vvo
condtons. Usage of non-GM rumen mcrobes can be an alternatve way to avod
the potental rsks of GM mcrobes. Some of recent areas of nterest wth nonGM rumen mcrobes are ncreasng the amount of CLA and mtgaton of methane
producton. Ths paper wll brefly dscuss potentalty of GM and non-GM rumen
mcrobes n enhancng anmal productvty.
Genetcally modfed rumen mcrobes
The prncpal purpose whch genetc modfcaton has been ntended durng
several decades s addng the benefcal trats (mprovement of fber dgeston and
amno acd synthess, reducton of detary proten degradaton and allevaton of
effect of toxc materals) (Gregg et al., 1994; Teather., 1985) nto rumen mcrobes for
ther effcent fermentatve acton n the rumen. Ths modfcaton strategy manly
targeted nto the predomnant rumnal bactera ncludng B. fibrisolvens, S. bovis and
P. ruminicola (Forano and Flnt., 2000). These efforts resulted n the constructon of
varous knds of GM mcrobes.
GM mcrobes often re-ntroduced nto the rumen ecosystem for confrmng
the survval rate and capacty to be domnant n ts envronment but the perod of
survval was qute restrcted, besdes they usually do not mantan ther recombnant
trats (Kobayash and Yamamoto., 2002; Krause et al., 2001). It s beleved that
foregn fbrolytc enzyme genes dd not act properly n the rumen ecology. Inhbton
by antbacteral-agent,
-agent, bacterocn, exsted n the natural rumen ecology can be
partly responsble for ths. Despte non-sgnfcant mpact on rumen fermentaton
and producton wth GM mcrobes, B. fibrosolvens transformed wth fluoroacetate
dehalogenase gene s regarded as one of postve examples (Gregg et al., 1998).
Retanng the adequate populaton of recombnant bactera to stablze n the rumen
s crucal factor for detoxfcaton. In ths experment GM B. fibrisolvens mantaned
ts populaton above 106 cells per ml and ths was enough to detoxfy the toxc
molecule n the rumen ecology.
Despte successful expresson of heterologous genes n the rumen mcrobes,
the GM mcrobes have not been drectly appled to the anmal ndustry because
of ts potental rsks. Possble gene transfer between rumen mcrobes and related
envronment or changes n the trats of rumen mcrobes are the most mportant
4
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
factors for examnaton of GMO’s
’ss rsks Forano and Flnt., 2000). Though the rsks
of GMO are vague, the acceptablty of GMO by the publc who drectly consume
the anmal products s usually low. Due to the dffculty of publc agreement on
certan evaluaton crteron, assessment of GMO’s
’ss rsk s not yet fully constructed.
Because the advantage of genetc modfcaton s dstnct and effcent use of ths
technology can be benefcal to anmal ndustry, scentfc standard s needed for the
proper utlzaton of GMO.
Non-GM
on-GM
n-GM rumen mcrobes
Snce the usage of GM mcrobes
bes has restrcted n most countres due to ther
potental rsks, many research have been focused on another approach wth NonGM mcrobes.
bes.. Mcrobes solated from the rumen could be re-ntroduced nto the
dgestve tract of rumnants hopng to enhance dgestve functons.
Major bodes of research results are wth rumen bactera. Isolated rumen
bacterum Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans Stran Mz5T was evaluated for ts
possble role n the rumen ecology through n vtro studes (ČEPELJNIKet al., 2003).
Ths stran produced butyrate as a major product and fber degradng enzymes, and
bacterocn were also syntheszed. Characterstcs of ths stran such as provdng
enengy to the colonocyte and reducng pathogenc bactera may facltate t as a
possble canddate for probotcs. Propionibacteria s also the avalable nomnee
for the probotcs. Accordng to the research by Sten et al (2006) ncreased mlk
producton and the molar percentage of proponate were detected n dary cows
after the treatment of Propionibacteria. Young calves are man targets of probotcs
because ths stage s mportant for nfants to develop ther pre-gastrc fermentatve
atve
organs whch are requredd for the effcent degradaton of forage.. Dosng probotc
mxture compound whch conssted of fve rumen mcrobes ncreased ADG,
mproved fbrolytc acton and decreased ncdence of darrhea n young Holsten
calves (Aldana et al., 2009). Snce dary cows need proper controllng for parturton
and calvng, probotc supplementaton s n a poston to alter the rumen fermentaton.
Megasphaera elsdenii s well-known lactate-utlzng bacterum and Akman et al.
(2011) noculated ths bactera nto the rumen for the purpose of reducng rumen
acdoss at the postcalvng perod. Though rumnal pH dd not show sgnfcant
change, dosng the bacterum resulted n lower acetate : proponate rato and less
fluctuaton of rumnal pH and other postve effects on the anmal performance such
as mlk producton and energy balance. Smlar postve response to the addton of
rumen fung has been reported prevously. Rumen fung secrete varous enzymes to
degrade fber components, and some studes tred to use rumen fung as probotcs.
Piromyces sp. solated from goat mproved dgestblty and total VFA producton n
vtro, but the same culture dd not show any sgnfcant effect for hefers (Samanta
et al., 2008a,b)
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
5
Interests n CLA whch has benefcal effect on humen health have been
ncreased from the decades upward (Wahle et al., 2004) and extensve research
efforts have been made to elucdate the mechansm of CLA formaton n the rumen
and to fnd ways of enhancng the process. However, only a few studes looked
at possblty of usng rumen mcrobes to enhance CLA producton n the rumen.
Rumen protozoa are able to synthesze CLA by the somerase actvty though they
cannot convert the CLA to others ncludng vaccenc acd and stearc acd (OrRashd et al., 2008). Among the classfed rumen bactera, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
whch s prevalent n the rumen somerlzes lnolec acd at a hgher rate than other
rumnal mcrobes (Maa et al., 2007). B. fibrisolvens MDT-5 solated from rumen
of goat by Fukuda et al (2006) was used as CLA enhancer n the rumen. The stran
was beleved to have hgh lnolec acd somerase actvty and no CLA reductase
actvty. By analogy wth ths successful result of MDT-5 whch show ncrement of
CLA n pet anmals, there s possblty of obtanng benefcal effects by usng the
same stran wth domestc anmals, although t s uncertan wth rumnants whch
already have CLA-producng bactera n ther own envronment.
Methane s major green house gas produced by dverse actvtes ncludng
agrculture ndustry. Among the agrculture aspect,, rumnants take the great
possesson of methane producton through ther enterc fermentaton. Therefore
reducng methane emmson by rumnants s emphaszed. Present approaches can
be classfed nto largely two strateges. Frst approach s through mprovng the
qualty of nutrton suppled to the anmals, so that more product may be produced
per unt of methane. Secondly, through the modfcaton of rumen fermentaton
usng varous methods actual producton of methane can be reduced n the enterc
fermentaton (Iqbal et al., 2008). Homoacetogens are able to utlze H2 comng
from fermentaton of feeds n the rumen. Removng hydrogen from the mechansm
whch was naturaly used by methanogens to produce methane s benefcal for
anmals, because f homoacetogen convert the CO2 to acetate wth hydrogen, the
acetate generates energy for the anmal and contrbutes to the anmal productvty.
Lopez et al. (1999) defned the competton ablty of homoacetogen ncubated wth
rumnal flud ncludng methanogen n vtro. Wthout any addtves,, homoacetogens
dd not reduce methane producton, though the amount of methane was reduced
after treatment wth 2-bromoethanesulfonc acd. Paul et al. (2011) reported about
novel sulphate-reducng bacterum(SRB), Fusobacterium sp, and characterzed ts
avalable role n mtgatng methane producton n vtro. Sulphate reducton could
be better optons for removng hydrogen from the rumen ecology because these
bactera could compete wth methanogens and homoacetogens for utlzaton of H2.
After ncubaton wth novel solated SRB, concentraton of methane was reduced
and the populaton of SRB also ncreased. Much more nformaton s needed to
apply the same technology to practce.
6
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Acknowledgement
Ths research was supported by Technology Development Program for Agrculture and Forestry (Project No. 109024032CG000), Mnstry for Food, Agrculture, Forestry and Fsheres, Republc of Korea.
Reference
Akman, P. C., P. H. Hennng, D. J. Humphres, and C. H. Horn. 2011. Rumen pH
and fermentaton characterstcs n dary cows supplemented wth Megasphaera
elsden NCIMB 41125 n early lactaton. J. Dary Sc. 94:2840-2849.
Aldana, C., S.Cabra., C.A.Ospna., F.Carvajal and F.Rodrguez. 2009. Effect of a
probotc compound n rumen development, darrhea ncdence and weght
gan n young Holsten calves. World Academy of Scence, Engneerng and
Technology 57:378-381.
Eknc, M.S., J. C. Martn. and H. J. Flnt. 2002. Expresson of a cellulase gene,
celA, from the rumen fungus Neocallmastx patrcarum n Streptococcus bovs by means of promoter fusons. Botechnol. Lett.,, 24: 735-741.
Evelyne, Forano. and Harry, J. Flnt. 2000. Genetcally modfed organsms: consequences for rumnant health and nutrton. Ann.Zootech. 49: 255-271.
Fukuda, S., Y.Suzuk, M.Mura, N.Asanuma, and T.Hno. 2006. Isolaton of a novel
stran of Butyrvbro fbrsolvens that somerzes lnolec acd to conjugated
lnolec acd wthout hydrogenaton, and ts utlzaton as a probotc for anmals. J. Appl. Mcrobol. 100:787-794.
Gregg, K., Cooper, C.L., Schafer, D.J., Sharpe, H., Beard, C.E., Allen, G., and Xu, J.
1994. Detoxfcaton of the plant toxn fluoroacetate by a genetcally modfed
rumen bacterum. Bo/Technology.. 12: 1361-1365.
Gregg, K., B. Hamdolf., K. Henderson., J. Kopecny. and C. Wong. 1998. Genetcally modfed rumnal bactera protect sheep from fluoroacetate posonng.
Appl. Envron. Mcrobol. 64:3496-3498.
Iqbal, M.F., Cheng, Y.F., Zhu, W.Y., Zeshan, B., 2008. Mtgaton of rumnant methane producton: current strateges, constrants and future optons. World J. Mcrobol. Botechnol. 24:: 2747-2755.
Kobayash, Y. and M. Yamamoto. 2002. Factors that lmt mantenance of recombnant rumen bacterum n sheep rumen. Anm.Sc.J. 73:131-136.
Krause, D.O., R.J. Bunch, N.D. Dalrymple, K.S. Gobus, W.J. Smth, X.P. Xue. and
C.S. McSweeney. 2001. Expresson of a modfed Neocallmastx partrcarum
xylanase n Butyrvbro fbrsolvens dgests more fbre but cannot effectvely compete wth hghly fbrolytc bactera n the rumen. J. Appl. Mcrobol.
90:388-396.
Maa, M. R. G., Chaudhary, L. C., Fgueres, L. & Wallace, R. J. 2007. Metabolsm
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
7
of polyunsaturated fatty acds and ther toxcty to the mcroflora of the rumen.
Antone Van Leeuwenhoek.. 91:303-314.
Or-Rashd, M. M., O. Al Zahal, and B. W. McBrde. 2008. Studes on the producton
of conjugated lnolec acd from lnolec and vaccenc acds by mxed rumen
protozoa. Appl. Mcrobol. Botechnol. 81:533-541.
Paul. S.S, Deb.S.M and Sngh. D. Isolaton and characterzaton of novel sulphatereducng Fusobacterum sp. and ther effects on n vtro methane emsson and
dgeston of wheat straw by rumen flud from Indan rverne buffaloes. 2011.
Anmal Feed Scence and Technology.. 166-167:132-140.
Samanta, A. K., Sngh, K. K., Das, M. M., Palan, G. H and Ra, S. 2008a.
a.. Descrpton of goat rumen anaerobc fung and ther potentalty as probotc. Indan
Veternary Journal. 85(8):
(8):
8):
): 859-863.
Samanta, A. K., Sngh, K. K., Das, M. M and Palan, G. H. 2008b.
b.. Effect of drect fed anaerobc fungal culture on rumen fermentaton, nutrent utlzaton
and lve weght gan n crossbred hefers. Indan Journal of Anmal Scences..
78(10):
(10):
10):
): 1134-1137..
Selnger, L.B., C. W. Forsberg. and K. J. Cheng. 1996. The rumen: a unque source
of enzymes for enhancng lvestock producton. Anaerobe.. 2: 263-284.
Sten, D.R., D.T. Allen, E.B. Perry, J.C. Bruner, K.W. Gates, T.G. Rehberger, K.
Mertz, D. Jones and L. J. Spcer. 2006. Effects of feedng proponbactera to
dary cows on mlk yeld, mlk components, and reproducton. J. Dary Sc.
89:111-125.
T. ČEPELJNIK, M.ZOREC, R.KOSTANJŠEK, F.V.NEKREP, R.MARINŠEKLOGAR. 2003. Is Pseudobutyrvbro xylanvorans Stran Mz5T Sutable as a
Probotc? An n Vtro Study. Fola Mcrobol. 48(3): 339-345.
Teather, R. M. 1985. Applcaton of gene manpulaton to rumen mcroflora. Canadan Journal of Anmal Scence.. 65: 563-74.
Wahle, K.W.J., Heys, S.D., Rotondo. D., 2004. Conjugated lnolec acds: are they
benefcal or detrmental to health? Prog Lpd Res.. 43:553-587.
8
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Productivity
T. S. Park, J. K. Seo and Jong K. Ha
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and
Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,
Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
Abstract
Rumen microbes has been extensively used for manipulating the rumen ecology.
Genetically modified or non genetic modified are both the type of application for
enhancing the ruminal fermentation and improving the performance of ruminants.
Construction of genetic modified rumen microbes has been succeeded with adding the
various kinds of traits, such as improving fiber digestion, detoxification or reducing
methane production in the rumen. This modification strategy mainly targeted into
the predominant ruminal bacteria including Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Streptococcus
bovis and Prevotella ruminicola. However, directly introducing the GM microbes
to the rumen ecology is very limited. Recombinant Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens which
was transformed with fluoroacetate dehalogenase gene can protect the host animal
from plant toxin poisoning. Since the usage of GM microbes has restricted in most
countries for its potential risks, many research have been focused on another
approach with Non-GM microbes. There are many researches for checking the effect
of diverse Non-GM rumen microbes for enhancing the CLA production, mitigation
of methane emission, and the possibility as probiotics through in vitro and in vivo.
The results show that this alternative use of Non-GM rumen microbes can be an
intense candidate for improving the animal productivity through manipulation of
rumen ecology. We discussed about how the GM and Non-GM rumen microbes have
been used during the last decade and its potential aspects to contribute to the animal
productivity.
Keywords: animal productivity, genetic modified, rumen microbes
Introducton
Manpulaton of rumnal fermentaton has been one of the preferred methods
n mprovng the performances of rumnant anmals and rumen mcrobes have
been extensvely used for manpulatng rumen ecology. The contrbuton of
rumen mcrobes n ts ecology has been partally defned wth predomnant rumen
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
3
bactera; Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola and Streprococcus bovis
whch occupy a large populaton n the rumen and ths fact allows them to be a
proper target for genetc manpulaton (Selnger et al., 1996; Eknc et al, 2002).
The leadng purposes of genetc manpulaton of predomnant rumen mcrobes are
ncreasng the fbrolytc actvty, detoxfcaton, lmtaton of proten degradaton
or mprovng mcrobal proten synthess n the rumen (Forano and Flnt., 2000).
Although some successful evdences have been reported under n vtro condtons,
effcacy of genetcally modfed rumen mcobes has been margnal under n vvo
condtons. Usage of non-GM rumen mcrobes can be an alternatve way to avod
the potental rsks of GM mcrobes. Some of recent areas of nterest wth nonGM rumen mcrobes are ncreasng the amount of CLA and mtgaton of methane
producton. Ths paper wll brefly dscuss potentalty of GM and non-GM rumen
mcrobes n enhancng anmal productvty.
Genetcally modfed rumen mcrobes
The prncpal purpose whch genetc modfcaton has been ntended durng
several decades s addng the benefcal trats (mprovement of fber dgeston and
amno acd synthess, reducton of detary proten degradaton and allevaton of
effect of toxc materals) (Gregg et al., 1994; Teather., 1985) nto rumen mcrobes for
ther effcent fermentatve acton n the rumen. Ths modfcaton strategy manly
targeted nto the predomnant rumnal bactera ncludng B. fibrisolvens, S. bovis and
P. ruminicola (Forano and Flnt., 2000). These efforts resulted n the constructon of
varous knds of GM mcrobes.
GM mcrobes often re-ntroduced nto the rumen ecosystem for confrmng
the survval rate and capacty to be domnant n ts envronment but the perod of
survval was qute restrcted, besdes they usually do not mantan ther recombnant
trats (Kobayash and Yamamoto., 2002; Krause et al., 2001). It s beleved that
foregn fbrolytc enzyme genes dd not act properly n the rumen ecology. Inhbton
by antbacteral-agent,
-agent, bacterocn, exsted n the natural rumen ecology can be
partly responsble for ths. Despte non-sgnfcant mpact on rumen fermentaton
and producton wth GM mcrobes, B. fibrosolvens transformed wth fluoroacetate
dehalogenase gene s regarded as one of postve examples (Gregg et al., 1998).
Retanng the adequate populaton of recombnant bactera to stablze n the rumen
s crucal factor for detoxfcaton. In ths experment GM B. fibrisolvens mantaned
ts populaton above 106 cells per ml and ths was enough to detoxfy the toxc
molecule n the rumen ecology.
Despte successful expresson of heterologous genes n the rumen mcrobes,
the GM mcrobes have not been drectly appled to the anmal ndustry because
of ts potental rsks. Possble gene transfer between rumen mcrobes and related
envronment or changes n the trats of rumen mcrobes are the most mportant
4
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
factors for examnaton of GMO’s
’ss rsks Forano and Flnt., 2000). Though the rsks
of GMO are vague, the acceptablty of GMO by the publc who drectly consume
the anmal products s usually low. Due to the dffculty of publc agreement on
certan evaluaton crteron, assessment of GMO’s
’ss rsk s not yet fully constructed.
Because the advantage of genetc modfcaton s dstnct and effcent use of ths
technology can be benefcal to anmal ndustry, scentfc standard s needed for the
proper utlzaton of GMO.
Non-GM
on-GM
n-GM rumen mcrobes
Snce the usage of GM mcrobes
bes has restrcted n most countres due to ther
potental rsks, many research have been focused on another approach wth NonGM mcrobes.
bes.. Mcrobes solated from the rumen could be re-ntroduced nto the
dgestve tract of rumnants hopng to enhance dgestve functons.
Major bodes of research results are wth rumen bactera. Isolated rumen
bacterum Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans Stran Mz5T was evaluated for ts
possble role n the rumen ecology through n vtro studes (ČEPELJNIKet al., 2003).
Ths stran produced butyrate as a major product and fber degradng enzymes, and
bacterocn were also syntheszed. Characterstcs of ths stran such as provdng
enengy to the colonocyte and reducng pathogenc bactera may facltate t as a
possble canddate for probotcs. Propionibacteria s also the avalable nomnee
for the probotcs. Accordng to the research by Sten et al (2006) ncreased mlk
producton and the molar percentage of proponate were detected n dary cows
after the treatment of Propionibacteria. Young calves are man targets of probotcs
because ths stage s mportant for nfants to develop ther pre-gastrc fermentatve
atve
organs whch are requredd for the effcent degradaton of forage.. Dosng probotc
mxture compound whch conssted of fve rumen mcrobes ncreased ADG,
mproved fbrolytc acton and decreased ncdence of darrhea n young Holsten
calves (Aldana et al., 2009). Snce dary cows need proper controllng for parturton
and calvng, probotc supplementaton s n a poston to alter the rumen fermentaton.
Megasphaera elsdenii s well-known lactate-utlzng bacterum and Akman et al.
(2011) noculated ths bactera nto the rumen for the purpose of reducng rumen
acdoss at the postcalvng perod. Though rumnal pH dd not show sgnfcant
change, dosng the bacterum resulted n lower acetate : proponate rato and less
fluctuaton of rumnal pH and other postve effects on the anmal performance such
as mlk producton and energy balance. Smlar postve response to the addton of
rumen fung has been reported prevously. Rumen fung secrete varous enzymes to
degrade fber components, and some studes tred to use rumen fung as probotcs.
Piromyces sp. solated from goat mproved dgestblty and total VFA producton n
vtro, but the same culture dd not show any sgnfcant effect for hefers (Samanta
et al., 2008a,b)
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
5
Interests n CLA whch has benefcal effect on humen health have been
ncreased from the decades upward (Wahle et al., 2004) and extensve research
efforts have been made to elucdate the mechansm of CLA formaton n the rumen
and to fnd ways of enhancng the process. However, only a few studes looked
at possblty of usng rumen mcrobes to enhance CLA producton n the rumen.
Rumen protozoa are able to synthesze CLA by the somerase actvty though they
cannot convert the CLA to others ncludng vaccenc acd and stearc acd (OrRashd et al., 2008). Among the classfed rumen bactera, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
whch s prevalent n the rumen somerlzes lnolec acd at a hgher rate than other
rumnal mcrobes (Maa et al., 2007). B. fibrisolvens MDT-5 solated from rumen
of goat by Fukuda et al (2006) was used as CLA enhancer n the rumen. The stran
was beleved to have hgh lnolec acd somerase actvty and no CLA reductase
actvty. By analogy wth ths successful result of MDT-5 whch show ncrement of
CLA n pet anmals, there s possblty of obtanng benefcal effects by usng the
same stran wth domestc anmals, although t s uncertan wth rumnants whch
already have CLA-producng bactera n ther own envronment.
Methane s major green house gas produced by dverse actvtes ncludng
agrculture ndustry. Among the agrculture aspect,, rumnants take the great
possesson of methane producton through ther enterc fermentaton. Therefore
reducng methane emmson by rumnants s emphaszed. Present approaches can
be classfed nto largely two strateges. Frst approach s through mprovng the
qualty of nutrton suppled to the anmals, so that more product may be produced
per unt of methane. Secondly, through the modfcaton of rumen fermentaton
usng varous methods actual producton of methane can be reduced n the enterc
fermentaton (Iqbal et al., 2008). Homoacetogens are able to utlze H2 comng
from fermentaton of feeds n the rumen. Removng hydrogen from the mechansm
whch was naturaly used by methanogens to produce methane s benefcal for
anmals, because f homoacetogen convert the CO2 to acetate wth hydrogen, the
acetate generates energy for the anmal and contrbutes to the anmal productvty.
Lopez et al. (1999) defned the competton ablty of homoacetogen ncubated wth
rumnal flud ncludng methanogen n vtro. Wthout any addtves,, homoacetogens
dd not reduce methane producton, though the amount of methane was reduced
after treatment wth 2-bromoethanesulfonc acd. Paul et al. (2011) reported about
novel sulphate-reducng bacterum(SRB), Fusobacterium sp, and characterzed ts
avalable role n mtgatng methane producton n vtro. Sulphate reducton could
be better optons for removng hydrogen from the rumen ecology because these
bactera could compete wth methanogens and homoacetogens for utlzaton of H2.
After ncubaton wth novel solated SRB, concentraton of methane was reduced
and the populaton of SRB also ncreased. Much more nformaton s needed to
apply the same technology to practce.
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Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Acknowledgement
Ths research was supported by Technology Development Program for Agrculture and Forestry (Project No. 109024032CG000), Mnstry for Food, Agrculture, Forestry and Fsheres, Republc of Korea.
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Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012