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1.5.1 Character
A character is a person presented a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with the novel and dispositional quality that are
explicit in what they say — the dialogue — and what they do — the action Abrams 20. Moreover, according to Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction, character refers to
the individuals who appear in the story 17. In this study, the researcher will deal with Santiago as the major character and other minor characters.
1.5.2 Influence
As citied by Schultz 415, Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. This means our behaviour
is influenced by several factors. In this study, the word influence means advices and ideas to affect one’s motivation to do something.
1.5.3 Motivation
Petri states motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour 3. Bootzin et. al. say that
motivation can be stimulated either from external condition, which is called incentives or from internal condition, which is called drives 368.
In this study, the term motivation means the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour which are
stimulated from internal and external condition.
1.5.4 Dream
Freud as cited by Atkinson in Introduction to Psychology defines dream as a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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6 mental product that can be understood and interpret. He also states that dream is a
disguised attempt at wish fulfilment. It means that the dream touches on wishes or needs that the individual finds unacceptable and represses from consciousness 173. In this
study, dream means a mental image that comes in one’s sleeping or something that one wants to achieve and its meaning is clearly linked to the context.
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part consists of review of related theories. They are theory of character, characterization, critical approach, and
psychology.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
In this section, there will be some theories that are relevant and support this study. The first theory is theory of character that explains about characters in the literary
work. The second theory is theory of characterization. The third theory is theory of critical approach that contains the approaches that are used in this study. The fourth
theory is theory of motivation from psychology point of view.
2.1.1 Character
2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character
According to Abrams, there are two definitions of character 23. First, a character is the name of a literary genre; a short, and usually witty; sketch in prose of
distinctive type of person.” Second, he states a character is a person presented in dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with
moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and by what they do—the action.
Stanton also states two interpretations on the meaning of character 17. First, character refers to the individuals appear in the story. Second, character refers to the
mixture of interests, desire, emotions, and moral principles of these individuals that 7
9 character takes important role in story. He or she appears more often and becomes the
focus during the progress of the story. If he or she fails in convincing dramatizations on the human issues of the story, then the story will essentially fail. A major character is
almost the same as a round character in term of their complexity in the novel. He or she presence makes the story more interesting. On the other hand, secondary characters or
minor characters appear more limited. Even though minor characters do not take important role in the story, their presences influence major characters. They are
generally less complex because they do not play a central role in the story. Minor characters are used to bring out into the open crucial elements when they interact or
clash with the major characters. Milligan 195 adds that the major character is the focus of the story. He gets
more attention from the reader because he appears more often than other characters from the beginning until the end of the story. The minor characters are not too
dominant. They appear in the story only to strengthen the minor character.
2.1.2 Characterization 2.1.2.1 Definitions of Characterization
Characters are very important in a literary work. Since literary works are the life reflection, many authors take some characters from the reality. In order to make the
story interesting, an author needs to develop certain character’s traits such as the creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike Holman 81.
A novel is an imaginative work. Many readers may meet with many kinds of unfamiliar people. And when they read a novel, they will become more familiar with
them. Therefore, the author gives much effort in showing the readers what the characters are like—their qualities, their likes, and dislikes, how they live, and what
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