4 Germany and other lower the races. Especially Jews were discriminated against
and collect to be killed in concentration camps. Those explanation of Bruno and Shmuel, their differences and their special friendship bring me to discuss the
motivations in building a good friendship like what Bruno and Shmuel have. What Bruno does to Shmuel makes the story of the novel more valuable.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the information above, there are three questions to be discussed in this study:
1. How is Bruno’s character described? 2. How is Shmuels character described?
3. What is the motivation of Bruno and Shmuel in building relationship in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas?
C. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are: to describe the character of Bruno and Shmuel and to find out the motivation of Bruno and Shmuel in building friendship
in John Boynes The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas.
D. Benefits of the Study
The benefits of the study are to provide some beneficial information for everybody who reads this study especially for the readers and for the students who
take the same study. First for the readers, they can learn many things about
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5 friendship including how to build good and healthy friendships and how to
maintain them. Second is for students who intend to have a study literature, especially who have the same study. They can use this study as references.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding about the content of this study, some literary terms used in the study are as follows:
1. Character Characters are defined as the person presented in dramatic or narrative
work, which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and diposition qualities that are experienced in what they say the dialogue, and by
what they do the action Abrams, 1981:20. Thus, in this study character means someones personality which is refleccted in what they say the dialogue and by
what they do the action. 2. Motivation
According to Huffman 1997 in his book Psychology in Action, motivation refers to Factors within an individual such as need, desires, and
interest that activate, mantain and direct behavior toward a goal 364. In this study, motivation means the factors with in Bruno and Shmuel that activate,
maintain and direct behavior in building friendship. 3. Friendship
In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, friendship is defined as a special, familiar and highly valued type of human social relationship
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6 Manstead and Hewstone 250. The writer defines the word friendship as follows:
Friendship is a union between persons who, loving God with their whole hearts, souls, and minds, and loving each other as themselves, are joined for all eternity to
each other. Thus in this study, friendship refers to the special, familiar and highly valued type of human relation with the whole heart, souls, and minds between
Bruno and Shmuel.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains the description of the literature that is related to this study. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is Review of related
Theories that discuss about the theory of literature. The second part is Theoretical Framework. It explains the application of the theories in solving the problems;
that is. Why they are needed and how they are applied in the study.
A. Review of Related Theories
In this part the writer employs some discussion on elements of literature which provide important information that guide the writer in analyzing the novel.
1. Psychological Approach According to Rohrberger and Woods 6-15 there are five kinds of critical
approaches. The writer used the psychologycal approach to analyze the problems. The psychological approach is based on the psychological theories. The
psychological approach explores a work of art by using some psychological theories as the framework.
From those five approaches, the psychological approach is chosen to reveal the reason why Bruno and Shmuel build friendship. In John Boynes The Boy in
the Striped Pyjamas a friendship is presented by Bruno and Shmuel. They have different characters and personality that lead them into a peer relationship. This
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8 solid relationship drives Bruno to maintain his friendship with Shmuel.
Therefore, some theories on friendship and character and characterization are needed.
The psychological approach employs theories of human psychology. People are developing from birth to death. People experience many things at
certain ages and stages. As the framework of this study, the meaning of friendship is emphasized on seeing the reasons why the main characters of The Boy in the
Striped Pyjamas, Bruno and Shmuel maintain their friendship.
1. Character and Characterization a. Character
Character is one of the important elements in novel. Abrams 1981 in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters as the person presented in
qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and what they do the action.
In order to understand how a character in literary work is described, we need to understand the theory of character. Through this theory we will understand
the character which is created in a work of literature. Characters are crucial in the novel. They play an important role to determine the unity and sense of art of the
story. Abrams defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral
and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialog and by what they do the action. He adds that the characters have some characteristics
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9 like real human beings. They have temperament, moral and social values that
eventually become the motivation of their speech and actions. Characters may remain stable or undergo some changes during the story. They experience many
things that could influence their thoughts, ideas, judgments about life and society p.40.
E.M Forster in Aspects of The Novel 1985 says that character can also be categorized as flat or round. Flat character is introduced from the beginning until
the end of the story in the constant condition and unchanged environment. The author can express the flat character just by one sentence and describes him
completely. The advantage of this character is that the readers are able to recognize the character easily whenever he comes out. Since this character does
not experience changes, it makes him easily to remember. While round character is more complex in temperament and motivation. Thus, an author will describe the
character like real people who can give unpredictable actions. Characters can be categorized as major and minor characters. Henkle
1977 states that major character is created to carry out ideas or messages in a story to readers through the character’s feelings, thoughts, actions, and reactions.
A major character plays an important role in the story supported by one or more minor characters.
In Writing with a Purpose, Timmer and Sommets state that the minor character may be essential to the main action of a story, or they maybe introduced
for some special purpose to provide comic relief, to act as a mouth piece for author, or to provide a foil through which some quality of the major character is
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 emphized.
Each character in a story has its own characteristics. They have their own personalities and physical appearences that differenciate them from another
character. Timmer and Sommers say that a character is used in two senses in literature. First, is to identify the people who appear in the story, play, or poem;
and second is to describe the personality of any of these people, especially those traits that affect the development of the work.
b. Characterization
The process by which an author creates a character is called characterization. According to Holman and Harmon 1986, characterization has a
very important role in literary work, especially in narrative and dramatic works. Characterization is the creation of imaginary persons. They are created
imaginatively, but they have to be seen real, so that they exist for the readers as life like.
Characterization can be applied into both direct and indirect ways. Each of them serves to show the reader the quality of the character told physically or
psychologically. This quality will bring to the reader an image of the character that the author creates.
In understanding the characters’ personalities and physical attributes that make the characters have some differences, we need to know the way the author
makes us understand their characteristics and personalities. According to Murphy in his book Understanding Unseens 1972, there
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 are nine methods in which the readers can understand the character. The first one
is personal description, the author describe the character by person’s appearances and clothes. Most of the time the way a person appears determines his character.
The author usually uses adjectives in order to give him personal description of a character. The readers can get details from the physical view of a character. Such
as from the character’s face, skin, eyes, hair, build, and cloth. The second is character as seen by others, the author describes the
character of the person through the other’s eyes and opinion. Here the opinion may come from people around the person about his personality and daily life
which can also determine his characteristic. The third is speech, the author can give us insight into the character of one
of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an
opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character. Fourth is past life, by letting the reader learn something about a person’s
past life, the author can give the reader clue to events that have helped to shape person’s character. Through direct comment by the author, through the person’s
thought, through his conversation or the medium of another person. Fifth is conversation of others, the character is also described by the author
through other people’s conversation and the things they say about him. What other people say and the things they say often describe the character of the person they
talk about. Sixth is reaction, the author also describes the character through the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 person’s reaction to various situation and events. Here readers can get a clue
whether the person is temperamental or patient or whether he is a smart or slow thinker.
Seventh is direct comment, the author can describe or comment on the person’s character directly. The author tells the reader directly what the character
is like by giving direct comments to the character. Eighth is thought, the author directly gives what the person is thinking about to give a clue to the reader about
the person’s character. Nineth is Mannerisms, the author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncries which may also tell us something about his
character.
2. Motivation a. Definition
Here are many terms or definition of theory of motivation given by psychologist. Some of them state that motivation is a calculated process involving
reason, whereas others notice as an attitude. Paul and Anne explain that motivation is a factor that causes a person to do something continually toward the
goal to achieve. “Motivation is broadly concerned with the temporary determinants of choice direction, persistence and vigor of goal-directed behavior
Jung:1978. Motivation appears when people want to fulfill their needs, for example,
having friends. Stanton 1996 states that a character has ‘reason for behaving or motivating.’ This motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 basic motivation. Specific motivation is the immediate reason, perhaps
unconcious, for any particular speech or act. Basic motivation is an aspect of his general character.
b. Kind of Motivation
To sum up, motivation is divided into two types, specific motivation and basic motivation. Specific motivation is only spontaneous motivation and basic
moivation is a deeper motivation which is a mixture of some specific motivations. Specific motivation appears to support basic motivation, which has a deeper
influence on the person to act. Huffman and Vernoy 2006 stated two forms of motivation that have
surprising effect on achievement. Motivation is derived from the satisfaction arising out the behavior itself 377.
c. The Hierarchy Needs of Motivation
The hierarchy needs according to Maslow 1970 from the lowest level or the first level is: physiologimcal needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs,
esteems needs and self-actualization needs 38-43. The first hierarchy is physiological needs. The basic need for human being is
physiological for physical survival. It includes the deeds for food, water, sex, sleep, and oxygen.
The second is safety needs. Everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People need for security and protection from pain, fear, anxiety, and
disorder. The peaceful society makes its members feel safe.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 The third is love and belongingness needs. The need of love is true in the
absence of friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or children. Love according to Maslow is not restricted to romantic love, but it includes the feeling closeness
between two good friends, feeling closeness to the society and some community. It involves a hunger for affectionate relationship with others, a need to feel part of
a group, or a feeling that one belongs. The love requires both receiving and giving of love, love from another and some to love.
The fourth is esteem needs. According to Maslow, the need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement and the need of esteem from
others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation by others and a feeling importance.
The last hierarchy is self-actualization needs. At the self-actualization level, the person’s behavior is motivated by different conditions than at the lower levels.
Self-actualization needs refer to desire for self-fulfillment. It values such as truth, honesty, beauty, goodness and they provide meaning to the life of self-actualized
individual.
B. Theoretical Framework
