The motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship as portrayed in John Steinbeck`s tortilla flat.

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Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Tortilla Flat, a novel written by John Steinbeck. This novel highlights the paisanos’ life in Tortilla Flat. This study is aimed to reveal the motivation of two main characters, Pilon and the Pirate, for building their friendship.

There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is the description of Pilon and the Pirate. The second problem is the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship in Tortilla Flat.

This study employs library research as the method to collect the data. Psychological approach is used in this study. This study uses two kinds of data. The primary data is the novel itself, whereas the secondary data are gained from relevant books and the internet.

Based on the result of the analysis, it can be concluded that Pilon and the Pirate are round characters. Pilon is described as cunning, greedy, responsible, caring, and idealistic person. Meanwhile, the Pirate is described as least-intelligent, dependent, simple, religious, and diligent person. Besides, the researcher concludes that Pilon and the Pirate have different motivation in building their friendship. Pilon’s motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. He has two motivations for building friendship with the Pirate. He wants to fulfill his physiological needs and esteem needs. On the other hand, the Pirate’s motivation belongs to intrinsic motivation. He builds friendship with Pilon since he wants to fulfill his belonging and love needs and to fulfill safety needs.

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Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas Tortilla Flat, sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck. Novel ini menyoroti kehidupan para paisano di Tortilla Flat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap motivasi dari dua karakter utama, yaitu Pilon dan si Pirate, dalam membangun pertemanan mereka.

Ada dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Masalah pertama yaitu deskripsi dari Pilon dan si Pirate. Masalah yang kedua adalah motivasi Pilon dan si Pirate dalam membangun pertemanan mereka di Tortilla Flat.

Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan data. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data. Data primer diperoleh dari novel ini sendiri, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari buku-buku yang relevan dan internet.

Berdasarkan hasil dari analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate merupakan karakter bulat. Pilon dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang licik, serakah, bertanggungjawab, peduli, dan idealistis. Sementara si Pirate dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang kurang cerdas, tergantung, sederhana, agamais, dan rajin. Selain itu, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate mempunyai motivasi yang berbeda dalam membangun pertemanan mereka. Motivasi Pilon tergolong sebagai motivasi ekstrinsik. Dia memiliki dua motivasi untuk membangun pertemanan dengan si Pirate. Dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis dan kebutuhan akan penghargaan. Di sisi lain, motivasi si Pirate digolongkan sebagai motivasi intrinsik. Dia membangun pertemanan dengan Pilon karena dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa memiliki dan kasih sayang dan kebutuhan rasa aman.

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A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Tri Nur Utami

Student Number: 121214123

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2016

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

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A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Tri Nur Utami

Student Number: 121214123

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2016

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

IN JOHN STEINBECK’S

TORTILLA FLAT

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

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DEDICATION PAGE

This thesis is dedicated to: My Lord, Allah Ta‟ala My beloved mother, Ibu Ngatinah My beloved father, Bapak Suparno My incredible sister, Aprilia Yulianti My big brother, Bayu Tinulad Dwi Sanyoto

Don‟t be sad; indeed, Allah is with us.

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ABSTRACT

Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses Tortilla Flat, a novel written by John Steinbeck. This novel highlights the paisanos‟ life in Tortilla Flat. This study is aimed to reveal the motivation of two main characters, Pilon and the Pirate, for building their friendship.

Based on the result of the analysis, it can be concluded that Pilon and the Pirate are round characters. Pilon is described as cunning, greedy, responsible, caring, and idealistic person. Meanwhile, the Pirate is described as least-intelligent, dependent, simple, religious, and diligent person. Besides, the researcher concludes that Pilon and the Pirate have different motivation in building their friendship. Pilon‟s motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. He has two motivations for building friendship with the Pirate. He wants to fulfill his physiological needs and esteem needs. On the other hand, the Pirate‟s motivation belongs to intrinsic motivation. He builds friendship with Pilon since he wants to fulfill his belonging and love needs and to fulfill safety needs.

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ABSTRAK

Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas Tortilla Flat, sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck. Novel ini menyoroti kehidupan para paisano di Tortilla Flat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap motivasi dari dua karakter utama, yaitu Pilon dan si Pirate, dalam membangun pertemanan mereka.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to devote my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the chance to enjoy every step in making this thesis. His eternal blessing and guidance have led me to live my life, especially to accomplish this thesis.

Then, I would like to thank my parents, Ibu Ngatinah and Bapak Suparno, who have given spiritual and financial supports during my study at Sanata Dharma University.

I am indebted to Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum who has guided me and encouraged me with his patience and valuable advice in completing this thesis. Without his assistance, this thesis would not have been completed.

I wish to express my eternal indebtedness to all my previous teachers and lecturers who had taught and guided me throughout my study. May happiness always surround them.

My dearest love goes to my sister and my brother, Yuli and Bayu, who always support me to conquer this world. It has been a pleasure growing up with both of them.

Recalling the ups and downs, I never forget my best friends: Melinda, Nisa, Linda, Vyna, Tia, Selvy, Tisa, and Pipi for cheering me up everyday. My sincere gratitude also goes to all my classmates especially all PBI batch 2012

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class E for their companionship and care which have given me self- confidence. I love them all.

Finally, I thank those who come and go in my life. I thank them for their short companionship during my critical days. May Allah bless their life.

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Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Benefits of the Study ... 5

E. Definition of Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8

A. Review of Related Study ... 8

B. Review of Related Theories ... 10

C. Theoretical Framework ... 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 20

A. Object of the Study ... 20

B. Approach of the Study ... 21

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xii

Page

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 23

A. The Description of Pilon and the Pirate ... 23

B. The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Their Friendship ... 36

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 45

A. Conclusions ... 45

B. Implications ... 47

C. Suggestions ... 48

REFERENCES ... 50

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A. Summary of Tortilla Flat ... 53 B. Biography of John Steinbeck ... 59

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study elaborates why Tortilla Flat is worth studying. Problem formulation exposes questions to analyze the novel mentioned above. The purpose of the study is described in the objectives of the study. The last part of this chapter which is definition of terms shows the readers some keywords to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

A. Background of the Study

As human beings, we cannot live alone. We need to interact with others, share our feelings with others, and even we seek our happiness together with others. Becvar (1974) says that “the greatest source of satisfaction in living is often found in relationships with other persons” (p. 1). It means that we cannot avoid having a relationship with other people in this world. We do this because we want to be satisfied or happy. One of many ways to achieve it is by building a friendship.

Baron and Byrne (1997) say that friendship is “a relationship in which friends spend a great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations,

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exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one

another” (p. 278). It means when we make a friend, we spend our time to interact

with our friends whatever the topics of the conversations are. We can talk about education, movie, hobbies, even problems with our friends. Frequently we talk about our problems to our friends to get suggestion or solution because we trust them. We do this because we want to get an emotional support from them.

However, the phenomenon of having friends does not suddenly happen. Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (1996) say that a friend is “someone whom we

choose to be with, not someone we associate with because we have to” (p. 412).

We realize that making friendship is a matter of choice to share good or bad times with people we have chosen. So, there is no enforcement between the people to make friends. If we like them and they like us, we can be friends. We can only have the good friendship if we build the friendship gradually.

People build a friendship because they have reasons behind it. According to Will Schutz in Beebe et al (1996) there are three reasons why people build the friendship. They are “need for inclusion”, “need for control”, and “need for

affection” (p. 413). Need for inclusion means that people have friends because

they want to be included and to include in any activities that people do. It makes sense because people need to have interaction with others. Then, need for control means that people need to control and be controlled by others to achieve stability and comfort in having interactions with others. The last, need for affection means that people need to love and be loved by others. In this case, people also need to give and accept warmth, support, and intimacy.

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The phenomenon of friendship can also be portrayed in literary work such as novel. Novels can portray things in people‟s daily life that can be relatable to

the readers‟ facts like friendship. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971),

novel “reports the actions of individual characters with details sufficient and abundant to create the illusion of authenticity to the material facts of the everyday world (p. 29). It means that the story in a novel raises people‟s daily life including friendship. There are many novels which present friendship as the theme. One of the best novels that discuss friendship was written by John Steinbeck entitled Tortilla Flat.

Tortilla Flat tells about six paisanos who live together in Monterey. They are Danny, Pilon, Pablo, Jesus Maria, the Pirate, and Big Joe. The story begins when Danny inherits two houses from his grandfather where he and his friends go to live. He rents one of his houses to Pilon. Then, Pilon re-rents Danny‟s house to Pablo to pay the rent to Danny. Since Pablo knows Pilon‟s intention, both of them sublet their house to Jesus Maria. However, the house is burned down because of Pablo‟s candle, which is dedicated to St. Francis. After the accident, they live in

Danny‟s house. One day, Pilon invites the Pirate, a mentally handicapped man

who has five dogs to stay at Danny's house. The last one, Big Joe, joins to stay in Danny‟s house after he is released from the jail.

The six paisanos stay at Danny‟s house and share wine together every day.

They build a friendship as they join staying in Danny‟s house one by one. Their

friendship becomes stronger when they face problems. Through hard days and their adventures, the friendship develops and grows to be beautiful and wise. The

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Pirate‟s bag of money becomes the symbolic centre of their friendship. They

guard the Pirate‟s money until the Pirate reaches one thousand quarters and buys a

golden candlestick for St. Francis.

The good life in Danny‟s house leads the paisanos to discuss town gossip

and enjoy the sun on their front porch. However, the monotonous life in Monterey makes Danny bored. He is gone for many days and back in a listless condition. Then, Pilon and the other four paisanos make a party to cheer Danny up. Danny enjoys the party for a while, but suddenly he is mad and gone. He is found died in a watercourse by Pilon and Pablo. Danny‟s funeral is attended by everyone in Tortilla Flat, except Pilon, the Pirate, Pablo, Jesus Maria, and Big Joe. They cannot attend it because they do not have appropriate suits. They watch the

funeral from afar. In the night, Danny‟s friends talk about their memories of

Danny and unintentionally Pilon‟s match burns the house. They let the house burnt and after that, they disintegrate.

The researcher chose the novel because it portrays daily life that is friendship. Since friendship is experienced by everyone, it was interesting to study the novel that is so close with their life. Besides, the relation between the characters is unique and interesting. It is so because usually people become friends since they have similarities that tie them. For instance, people are friends because they have same hobbies such as reading, cycling, and traveling. However,

the paisanos‟ friendship is different. The six paisanos can build friendship

although there are differences among them. For example, Danny likes fighting, Pilon likes cheating, and the Pirate likes working. However, their differences do

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not matter for them. They can still be friends. Moreover, they can live together in

Danny‟s house. Therefore, the researcher wanted to analyze the reasons of some

characters for building their friendship. The researcher chose to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s reasons for building their friendship because they have a close relationship although they just met recently. That is why the researcher was eager to reveal the reasons why Pilon and the Pirate become close in a short of period.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study, there are two problems formulated as follow:

1. How are Pilon and the Pirate described in Tortilla Flat? 2. Why do Pilon and the Pirate build friendship in Tortilla Flat?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to answer the questions formulated in problem formulation. The first intention is to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s description in Tortilla Flat. The second one is to find out the motivations of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship in Tortilla Flat.

D. Benefits of the Study

The study provides benefits for the researcher, the readers, and also the future researchers. For the researcher, it helps the researcher to analyze literary

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work especially a novel. Besides, it makes the researcher understand the characters of Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. The last, it makes the researcher understand the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their own friendship in Tortilla Flat.

For the readers, this study is able to enrich their vocabulary. This study can also help them to widen their knowledge about novel. Moreover, they can understand deeper about someone‟s motivation for building a friendship as depicted in Tortilla Flat. Finally, for the other researchers who plan to conduct a

study on John Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat, it hopefully can be a reference to write a

thesis on literature regarding friendship.

E. Definition of Terms

There are some terms that should be clearly defined to avoid misunderstanding the content of the study. The terms are character, friendship and motivation.

1. Character

Character is defined as “the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action” Abrams (1981, p. 20). Thus, character in this study means someone‟s characteristic that is reflected in what he says and what he does.

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2. Friendship

Baron and Byrne (1997) define friendship as “a relationship in which friends spend a great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one

another” (p. 278). Making friendship is a matter of spending good or bad times

with people who we choose. Thus, in this study friendship refers to a relationship between Pilon and the Pirate who live together in Tortilla Flat.

3. Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (1997), motivation refers to “factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal” (p. 364). In this study, motivation deals with the factors within Pilon and the Pirate that direct their behavior in building their own friendship.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter is divided into three parts, namely review of related study, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related study presents some findings by other researchers who had conducted studies on the same novel. Review of related theories gives a brief explanation of the theories employed in this study. Theoretical framework provides an explanation of how those theories are applied in the analysis.

A. Review of Related Study

There have been some studies on Steinbeck‟s novel entitled Tortilla Flat.

There are five researchers that have conducted researches on Tortilla Flat. An English Letters student batch 1999, Sari, wrote a thesis using Tortilla Flat. The title is The Significance of Danny’s House to the Characters in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study, there are three things that can be drawn. First, it discusses the unique characters in the novel and exposes the theme of the story.

Second, it explains the characters‟ ability to live side by side. The last, it explains

that based on the connection of the data, Danny‟s house signifies the characters. She employed objective approach in her study.

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wrote a thesis entitled The Role of Character Development in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat to Reveal his Idea towards Private Property. He analyzes some major and secondary characters to reveal relationship between the characters in the novel with the author‟s idea toward private property. Besides, he examines the way the author expresses his idea towards the characters. The writer used biographical and sociocultural-historical approaches.

The third is Capricorini of PBI batch 2000 who wrote a thesis entitled An Analysis of the Characters and the Ironies of Situation to Reveal the Theme in John Steinbeck`s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study, there are three points that can be drawn. The first one is the description of six main characters. Then, it discusses the ironies of situation used by the author of the novel. The last is the revelation of the theme through the description of the irony and the characters in the novel. The writer used objective approach in her study. The writer gave some suggestions for the future researchers that give good contributions to this thesis. The writer suggested the future researcher to discuss the motivation of each character that maybe reveal other themes.

Next is Wahyuningtyas of PBI batch 2005 who wrote a thesis entitled A Study of the Changing Personality as Seen in Danny the Main Character of Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. There are two points that can be drawn from her study.

First, it discusses how Danny‟s personality is described. Second, it studies about

how Danny‟s personality changes. The writer used psychological approach namely the Freudian Psychoanalysis. She gave suggestion for the future

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researcher to discuss the effect of Danny‟s changing personality towards his friendship with other characters.

The fifth study was conducted by Tirtaningsih from English Letters batch 2008. She wrote a thesis entitled The Message of Friendship Seen through the Major Characters and Plot in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study, there are three things discussed. They are the characterizations of the major characters described in the novel, the plot of the story, and the message of friendship seen through the major characters and plot of story. She used liberal-humanism approach in her study.

Different from the studies mentioned above, this study discusses motivation in friendship as portrayed in Tortilla Flat. It focuses on the motivation of two characters: Pilon and the Pirate, for building friendship as seen in the novel. In this case, the researcher analyzes the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship using psychological approach to conduct the research.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part presents critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of friendship, and theory of motivation. It is important to understand those theories because this study will analyze Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation for building friendship.

1. Critical Approach

An approach is a must to analyze a literary work. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971, pp. 6-14), there are five kinds of critical approaches. They are

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formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. The first is formalist approach that focuses on the esthetic value of a work. This approach seeks the meaning of a literary work through the form or structure of the work itself. The second is biographical approach that examines a literary work through the author‟s personal experiences and ideas. The third is sociocultural-historical approach. This approach considers social, cultural, and historical backgrounds of the literary works are important things to understand. The fourth is mythopoeic approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as a reference to explain the mythical relationship found in a story. The last is psychological approach that focuses on the complexity of thought and behavior, the content of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and actions.

Among those approaches above, physiological approach is chosen because it has contribution to answer the formulated problems. This approach focuses on the behaviour. The behaviour of people can be seen through their actions and speech which can define their characters. This approach is applied to reveal the characteristics description of Pilon and the Pirate and their motivation for building their friendship in Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat.

2. Character

Characters play an important role in a literary work like a novel. Abrams (1981) defines characters as “the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the

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action.” (p. 20). It means that character in a novel should be understood by the reader. The reader can imagine how the character looks like by noticing what the character says and does.

In addition, Forster (1985) says that character can also be categorized as flat and round. A flat character is not changed by circumstance. The author can describe the character in one sentence and describe it completely. The advantage of this character is that it can be easily recognized and easily remembered by the reader because the character does not experience changes. A round character is more complex in temperament and motivation. The author describes the character like a human being in real life who can act unpredictably. Thus, a round character undergoes changes that can surprise the reader (pp. 46-54).

Besides, characters can also be categorized into major and secondary or minor characters. According to Henkle (1977) a major character is a character that gets fullest attention from the reader and it plays larger roles to carry meanings or ideas in a novel. Whereas a minor character is less complex, or less intense in the story and it supports the major character (pp. 92-96). Characters in a novel can be revealed through characterization created by the author.

3. Characterization

To reveal the description of every character, we need to know how the characters are described by the author. There are nine ways the author does to expose the character as proposed by Murphy (1972, pp. 161-173). The first one is through personal description. The author describes a person‟s appearance and

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clothes (p. 161). Usually, the author describes the person by using adjectives so that it gives detailed information to the reader in understanding the person.

The second is character as seen by another. The author describes the person through the eyes and opinions of another (p. 162). Thus, the reader gets a reflected image of it. The third one is through speech. The author gives the reader an insight into the character in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving some clue to what his character is (p. 164). The dialogue in the novel can also determine someone‟s character.

Fourth is through past life. By letting the reader learn something about a

person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape

a person‟s character. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‟s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (p. 166). Everyone has different past life that is worthy to discuss.

Fifth is through conversation of others. The author gives us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other characters and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about (p. 167).

Six is through reactions. The author gives us a clue to a person‟s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events (p. 168). Then, it is through direct comment that the author can describe or comment

on a person‟s character directly (p. 170). Next, through thoughts is also another

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person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel (p. 171). The last is through mannerisms. The author can describe a person‟s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (p. 173).

4. Friendship

People cannot live alone. They need to have interaction with other people to share their times and feelings. So do Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. Therefore, they build friendship. Friendship is a relationship between two persons or more. This section elaborates definition of friendship, types of friendship, and the rules of friendship to examine how far the relationship of Pilon and the Pirate is.

a. Definition of Friendship

Baron and Byrne (1997) define friendship as “a relationship in which friends spend great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one another” (p. 278). It means that in friendship people spend their times together and give support to one another. They also share everything in bad or good situations. It shows that building friendship is important in our life.

However, having friendship is not as easy as it seems. We may also find difficulties to have a very close friendship. The intensity of people‟s affection and their intimacy of conversation determine the types of friendship they have.

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b. Types of Friendship

Beebe et al (1996) categorize types of friendship into three. They are acquaintances, casual friends, and close friends. Acquaintances mean “people

whom we know but do not consider friends” (p. 419). Our interaction with

acquaintances is functional and superficial. We talk to them but we do not share our feelings toward them. In casual friends, people have more intimacy than acquaintances when they interact. They can also help one another when they need voluntarily. Then, the term close friends mean friends who are close to us. We have high intimacy in close friends. In this friendship, we can share anything since we trust each other. Besides, close friends help us to release our stress and burden.

c. The Rules of Friendship

To make a friend, there are rules that should be obeyed. There are nine rules that we have to establish in friendship as proposed by Beebe et al (1996, p. 418), as follow:

1) Respect the other‟s privacy.

2) Do not discuss what is said in confidence with anyone else. 3) Look the other person in the eye during conversation. 4) Do not criticize the other personality publicly.

5) Do not force sexual activity upon the other person.

6) Seek to repay debts, favors, or compliments no matter how small. 7) Stand up for the other person in his or her absence.

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9) Address the other person by his or her first name.

The rules are the keys for us to build and maintain friendship. If those rules are accomplished, we can get a healthy friendship. That is why, it is essential to build friendship by applying the rules above.

5. Motivation

Motivation is a key of people doing any actions. In building friendship, people also have motivation that makes two persons or more willingly build friendship. Learning motivation is a must to discover Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s reasons for building their friendsip in Tortilla Flat.

a. Definition of Motivation

People must have something inside them to direct them achieving their intention or goal. It is called motivation. According to Huffman et al (1997), motivation refers to “factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal” (p. 364). It means that motivation leads someone to act in order to get closer with his or her goal. Motivation is like the reason why people do or act to achieve their goal. b. Kinds of Motivation

Motivation is divided into two kinds: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Huffman et al (1997) define intrinsic motivation as “the desire to

perform an act for its own sake” (p. 377). It means that intrinsic motivation comes

from the person himself to act something in order to achieve his goal. Whereas, extrinsic motivation is defined as “the desire to perform an act because of external

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derived from the outside of an individual. Therefore, it is not considered as part of behavior.

c. The Hierarchy Needs

People do many things because they have reasons behind it. The reason that leads someone to act or do something is called motivation. People motivation in doing something is based on their own needs. Maslow as cited by Huffman et al (1997) divides human needs into five levels. They are “physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs” (p. 383).

Figure 2.1 Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Huffman et al (1997, p. 383)

1) Physiological needs

The physiological needs are the basic needs. Maslow believes that human must satisfy physiological needs first before fulfilling the higher needs. It deals with hunger, thirsty, and maintenance of internal state of the body.

Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belonging and love needs

Safety needs Physiological needs

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2) Safety needs

Safety needs are the second of the hierarchy of need. After the physiologicalneeds have been fulfilled, people need to feel secure and safe. They also want to seek pleasure and avoid pain. By getting secure from pain and danger, they can feel safety and live peacefully.

3) Belonging and love needs

In the third level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve belonging and love needs. It is clear that people want to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive attention. The examples of belonging and love needs are friendship, intimacy, affection and love, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4) Esteem needs

In the fourth level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve, be competent, gain approval and excel. It means that people attempt to get self-esteem, achievement, appreciation, dominance and feeling important from others. 5) Self-actualization needs

The last, self-actualization is the highest needs of human. In this level people want to find self-fulfillment and realize one‟s potential. They values honesty, goodness, and truth in their life.

To sum up, people‟s actions are determined by their needs. The five stages

of hierarchy needs are important things to understand human motivation. The

hiearachy needs is helpful to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation in Tortilla

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C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the researcher uses psychological approach. The psychological approach is essential to analyze and answer the formulated problems because it deals with thought and behaviour of human being. The researcher chooses motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship in

Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat.

To answer the first formulated problem, the researcher uses the theory of character and characterization. The researcher uses character theories proposed by Abrams (1981), Forster (1985), Henkle (1977) and characterization theory by Murphy (1972). Those theories are helpful to reveal what kind of characters Pilon and the Pirate are.

Then, theories of friendship and motivation are applied to answer the second formulated problem. The researcher uses theory of types of friendship by Beebe et al (1996), theory of motivation by Huffman et al (1997) and Maslow hierarchy of needs theory by Huffman et al (1997) to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation for building their friendship.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method that the researcher used to conduct this research. This chapter is divided into three parts. There are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study explains briefly the novel used in the study. Approach of the study elaborates the approach used to analyze the formulated problems. The last part, method of the study discusses the method used in this study.

A. Object of the Study

The novel entitled Tortilla Flat is an American novel by John Steinbeck and is used as the object of the study. It was first published in 1935 by William Heinemann Ltd. However, the novel analyzed is the one which was published by Pan Books that was reissued in 1975. The novel consists of 189 pages, and is divided into 18 episodes (including the preface).

The novel tells about the companionship of Danny, Pilon, Pablo Sanchez, Jesus Maria, the Pirate, and Big Joe. They live together and build their friendship

in Danny‟s house in Tortilla Flat. Their relationship becomes closer after they

have adventures and problems. The six paisanos live side by side and share anything in Tortilla Flat. Unfortunately, the unchanged life in Tortilla makes

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Danny burdened by his possession of the house. Then, Danny escapes from his house for so long and is back in a bad condition. When Danny comes back, Pilon and his friends give party for Danny. In the party, Danny is mad and he is gone because no one wants to fight with him. He is found died in the ancient watercourse with wounds on his body. It is such an irony when the five paisanos cannot attend Danny‟s funeral because they do not have any suits. Moreover,

Danny‟s house is accidentally burnt in the night after the funeral. It makes the

talisman gone and the paisanos apart.

B. Approach of the Study

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), there are five kinds of critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. The approach that the researcher used in this research was psychological approach. Psychological approach is an approach that focuses on the complexity of thought and behavior, the content of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and actions (pp. 13-14). This approach was chosen because it was the most suitable approach to answer the questions stated in problem formulation. By using psychological approach, the study of human‟s motivation in building friendship can be analyzed through their words, thought, and actions. The approach was applied to dig out Pilon and the Pirate characters and their motivation for build their own friendship in Tortilla Flat.

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C. Method of the Study

The researcher used library method to collect the data for this study. Those data were divided into two categories. They were primary data and secondary data as the sources. The primary source used was John Steinbeck‟s novel entitled Tortilla Flat and the secondary sources were relevant books, thesis and the online references.

There were several steps the researcher used to conduct the research. The first step was reading the novel several times to decide what kind of topic to discuss in the study. After that, the writer summarized the novel to understand the novel deeper. Then, the researcher looked for as much information as possible about Tortilla Flat study from references. The information came from reading some articles in the internet and reading other researchers‟ studies. In the second step, the researcher formulated some problems related to the topic had chosen. In the third step, the researcher collected some theories related to the study to answer the problems formulated. There were some theories used in this study such as theory related to character, friendship, and motivation (hierarchy of needs).

The fourth, the researcher applied the theories and the approach to answer the questions about some characters and the motivation of their friendship in Tortilla Flat. The researcher used the theory of character and characterization to find certain characters in the novel. After that, the researcher used friendship,

motivation, and Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs theories to analyze the motivation of

the characters for building their comradeship. The last step, the researcher drawn conclusions from the answers the researcher got from the discussion.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter discusses the analysis of John Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat. It is

divided into two sections. The first is the description of Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s characters. The second section discusses the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship.

A. The Description of Pilon and the Pirate

Pilon and the Pirate are two characters in Tortilla Flat. They are two of six

paisanos who live in Danny‟s house. As the characters in the novel, they act like

human beings in the real world. They can eat, sleep, and talk to each other. It is in line with Abrams (1981) who says that characters are life-like persons in a novel that are interpretable by the reader through their speeches, dialogues, and actions.

Further, Pilon and the Pirate belong to round characters (Forster, 1985). Pilon and the Pirate cannot be described only in a sentence. They have complex life in Tortilla Flat. Besides, they act unpredictably that can surprise the reader.

Steinbeck‟s lets the reader think about Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s characters through

the conflicts occur in their life.

Besides, Pilon and the Pirate can also be categorized as the major characters since they get the fullest attention from the reader. Pilon appears in

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almost all of the chapters. His motions play significant role in solving paisanos‟ problems. On the other hand, the Pirate also has important role in tightening

paisanos‟ friendship with his treasure and vow. It is in accordance with Henkle

(1977) who says a major character is a character that gets fullest attention from the reader and it plays larger roles to carry meanings or ideas in a novel. Thus, it is proven that Pilon and the Pirate are major characters in Tortilla Flat.

In order to understand more about Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s characters in the

novel, theory of characterization by Murpy (1972) is used. Murphy explains that there are nine ways used by the author to describe characters in a novel. They are through personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms. Six of those theories are applied to reveal the characters of Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. They are speech, direct comment, thoughts, reaction, personal description, and character as seen by another.

1. Pilon

This part analyzes Pilon‟s characters. Pilon is one of six paisanos who

live in Danny‟s house. He is described as a person who has bad and good sides in him. There are five characteristics found in Pilon as follow:

a. Cunning

Pilon is smart but tricky because he always takes advantages from his friends. He influences others to follow his argument which is beneficial for him. He is smart in manipulating his words to convince others. His character can be seen when he asks Pablo to rent his house.

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„Pablo,‟ he said, „dost thou never get tired of sleeping in ditches, wet and

homeless, friendless and alone?‟

...

Pilon mellowed his voice persuasively. „So I thought, my friend, when I was a dirty gutter-dog, I too, was content, for I did not know how sweet a little house is, and a roof, and a garden. Ah, Pablo, this is indeed living.‟ (p. 29)

He uses persuasive words to make Pablo agree living in his house. However, he has a hidden intention. He re-rents his house to Pablo because he is afraid that he cannot pay the rent to Danny. Therefore, he rents his house to Pablo so that he can impose the payment of the house to Pablo when Danny asks him about the payment.

„Look, you will pay only fifteen dollars a month! And you may use all the house except my bed, and all the garden. Think of it, Pablo! And if someone should write you a letter, he will have some place to send it to.‟ If Danny should ever ask for money, Pilon could say, ‟I will pay when

Pablo pays.‟ (p. 29)

Another evidence of Pilon‟s cunningness is when he pretends to show his care about Jesus Maria‟s health in order to get personal advantage. It can be seen through his speech. He convinces Jesus Maria that sleeping in the open air will ruin his health. He brings Jesus Maria to sleep in his house. After that, he persuades Jesus Maria to pay a rent of his house. In fact, he victimizes Jesus Maria to be responsible for paying the rent of the house. Pilon offers the rent of the house to Jesus Maria fifteen dollars a month.

Instantly Pilon was filled with solicitude. „It is the night air,‟ he said. „It is not good to sleep out in the open. Come, Pablo, we will take him to our house and cure this cold of his. The malady of the lungs has a good start, but we will cure it. (p. 38)

...

At last Pilon and Pablo moved in on Jesus Maria as two silent hunting Airedales converge on their prey. They rented the use of their house to Jesus for fifteen dollars a month. He accepted happily. They shook hands all around. (p. 39)

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Based on charcterization theory (Murphy, 1972), Pilon‟s cunningness is seen through speech and direct comment. Regarding Pilon‟s speech and the direct comment of the author, it can be concluded that Pilon is cunning since he takes advantages from the situation around him even he takes advantage from his friends for his business.

b. Greedy

Pilon is a greedy man. Steinbeck shows it through “direct comments”. It is stated in the novel that “But he would have agreed to much more, for he saw the elevation that came to a man who lived in his own house; and Pilon longed to feel

that elevation” (p. 22). Pilon loves prestige in his life. It is noticed when he wants

to have a higher status by staying at Danny‟s house. He rents Danny‟s house although he knows that he does not have money to pay the rent. He does so because he thinks that living in a house is better that living at a ditch and it raises his social status.

Besides, there is another proof that Pilon is greedy. He steals Big Joe‟s pants to get a little wine. He leaves Big Joe at the beach without his trousers. He

sells Big Joe‟s pants to Torrelli‟s wife. He gets a quart of red wine and gets drunk.

Although his first intention is to give Big Joe a lesson because he has stolen Danny‟s blanket and to get wine for Pilon and Big Joe, in fact he drinks it for himself.

He pushed the portage vigorously, and Big Joe brushed at him as though he were a fly. Pilon deftly removed the trousers, rolled them up and sauntered away into the sand dunes. (pp. 90-91)

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Finally her resistance was beaten down and she gave him the quart. Pilon drank it immediately. „You try to break down the price of pleasure,‟ he

warned her. „I should have half a gallon.‟ (p. 91)

The last evidence that shows Pilon‟s greed is when he comes to the Pirate. It is shown that Pilon is lured by the money that the Pirate has. He wants to take an advantage from the Pirate. He thinks that he can offer his brain to the Pirate‟s use. He also thinks that when he allows the use of his mind to the Pirate, he does a good deed. After that, he can divert some of the Pirate‟s money for himself.

Like the cat, which during a long hour closes in on a sparrow, Pilon was ready for his pounce. „I have it!‟ his brain cried. „It is like this: the Pirate has money, but he has not the brain to use it. I have the brain! I will offer my brain to his use. I will give freely of my mind. That shall be my charity towards this poor little half-made man.‟ (p. 62)

Considering the direct comment, speech and thoughts (Murphy, 1972), it is concluded that Pilon is greedy. His desire to live in a house and his malice towards his friends show that he is a greedy person.

c. Responsible

Pilon is a responsible man, although sometimes he digresses from the right path. His character can be observed through his speech. The evident can be seen when the fire happens in his house. He commands Jesus Maria to tell Danny that his house is burnt. Pilon says “ „Run, and tell Danny his house is burning. Run

quickly, Jesus Maria” (p. 50). He shows his responsibility for the incident

although he does not tell Danny by himself. Pilon is also the one who encourages his friends, Pablo and Jesus Maria, to apologize for the fire to Danny. He suggests that they confess their fault to Danny. He says “ „I think it would be better to go to

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Danny and confess our fault, like little children to a father. Then he can‟t say

anything without being sorry” (p. 54).

A responsible figure of Pilon can also be observed when he brings back

Danny‟s blanket that has been sold to Torrelli by Big Joe. Besides, he takes Big

Joe‟s pants from Mrs Torrelli. Pilon takes Big Joe‟s pants that he has sold to Mrs Torrelli and gives it back to Big Joe. It shows that Pilon is responsible to his friends. Steinbeck lets the reader know it through “direct comment”.

On his way out Pilon passed the alcove and lifted down not only the pants, but Danny‟s blanket.

…

For a while he could not see Big Joe, but at last he discovered him, lying half covered with sand, speechless with cold and agony. Pilon walked firmly up to him and held up the pants. (p. 92)

From the quotation above, it can be concluded that Pilon is a responsible person. He can be responsible for his fault and fix it. Moreover, he is willing to be

responsible for bringing back Danny‟s blanket that has been sold by Big Joe.

d. Caring

Pilon is also a caring man. He cares about his friend. It can be seen when

he is sympathetic towards Danny‟s condition. It is Pilon who has an initiative to

give a party for cheering Danny up. He thinks that Danny becomes so listless because he is sick of fun. Therefore, he discusses it with his friends and makes the party for Danny.

Pilon led them all into the gulch behind the house. „I gave Danny the last of wine, and it did him good. What Danny needs is lots of wine, and maybe a party. Where can we get wine?‟

…

„We will do it,‟ Pilon said. „Tomorrow we will all go down and cut squid, and tomorrow night we will give a party for Danny.‟ (p. 172)

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The evidence shows that Pilon cares about Danny. He wants to make Danny happy by giving him the party.

Another evidence also indicates that Pilon is a caring man. He is the first one who looks for Danny after Danny is mad and, then, goes away from the party. He worries about Danny‟s condition. Then, he finds and helps Danny who gets injuries at the dry and ancient watercourse. He really cares about Danny so that he commands others to call a doctor and a priest for Danny.

Pilon broke the silence. „Something is wrong,‟ he said. And Pilon it was who first rushed out of the door. Brave man, no terror could restrain him. The people followed him. Back of the house they went, where Danny‟s footsteps had sounded, and there was no Danny. They came to the edge of the gulch, where a sharp zigzag path led down to the bottom of that ancient watercourse wherein no stream had flowed for many generations. The following people saw Pilon dart down the path. They went after him, slowly. And they found Pilon at the bottom of the gulch, leaning over a broken and twisted Danny. He has fallen forty feet. Pilon lighted a match. „I think he is alive,‟ he shrieked. „Run for a doctor. Run for Father

Ramon.‟ (p. 180)

Not only does Pilon care about Danny, but also he cares about the Pirate. It is Pilon who solve the Pirate‟s problem on the Pirate‟s shoes. He rubs the Pirate‟s toes with soot so that the holes on the shoes are blurred. Then, the Pirate can go to the church to offer the candlestick for San Fransisco.

Big Joe had the only shoes big enough for the Pirate, and his were worse even than the Pirate‟s. The difficulty lay in the holes cut for the comfort bunions, where the toes showed through. Pilon solved it finally with a little soot from the inside of the stove. Well rubbed into the skin, the soot made it quite difficult to see the bunion holes. (p. 128-129)

Murphy (1972) says that character can be seen through speech and direct comment. So based on the facts, it is concluded that Pilon is a caring man. The way he cares about his friends proves that he is caring.

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e. Idealistic

Pilon is an idealistic person. He has an idealism to do kindness to his friend. He wants to give gifts to Danny. It is stated in the novel “The night was clear. Pilon had emerged from his hard daily shell, as he did now and then. He was the idealist tonight, the giver of gifts. This night he was engaged in a mission

of kindness” (p. 78). Steinbeck also states that the idealism of Pilon appears when

Pilon seeks treasure in the woods. Pilon wants to show his gratitude to Danny because Danny is so kind to his friends. Therefore, he seeks treasure to be given to Danny. It is also stated that Pilon is free from selfishness when he looks for the treasure. Therefore, he does not want to take any advantage of the treasure for himself.

All the idealism in Pilon came out then. He told Big Joe how good Danny was to his friends.

…

„And we do nothing for him,‟ he said. „We pay no rent. Sometimes we get drunk and break the furniture. We fight with Danny when we are angry with him, and we call him names. Oh, we are very bad, Big Joe. And so all of us, Pablo and Jesus Maria and the Pirate and I talked and planned. We are all in the woods, tonight, looking for treasure. And the treasure is to be for Danny. He is good, Big Joe. He is so kind; and we are so bad. But if we take a great sack of treasure to him, then it will be glad. It is because my heart is clean of selfishness that I can find this treasure?‟ (p. 81)

Another proof that Pilon is idealistic is shown when Pilon is angry to Big Joe who has stolen Danny‟s blanket. He disagrees to what Big Joe has done. He demands Big Joe to bring the blanket back. He also swears and kicks Big Joe to show that he hates theft.

Pilon shook at him, but Big Joe was so heavy that Pilon only succeeded in shaking himself. „What blanket?‟ he cried. „Say what blanket it was you stole.‟

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Pilon whirled him around and kicked him with accuracy and fire. “Pig,‟ he said, „dirty thieving cow. You will get the blanket back or I will beat you

to ribbons.‟ (p. 85)

Murphy (1972) states that character can be seen through direct comment and reaction. Based on the author‟s direct comment and also Pilon‟s reaction, it is proven that Pilon is idealistic. His effort to show his gratitude to his good friend and his reaction to scold somebody who does a bad thing to his friend show that he is an idealistic person.

2. The Pirate

This part analyzes the Pirate‟s characters. According to Murphy‟s theory, characterization can be revealed through many ways. One of them is through personal description. It means that the author describes a person‟s appearance and clothes. Steinbeck introduces the Pirate at the first time through this way. He describes the Pirate as a huge and broad man who has thick beard. The Pirate wears shoes, jeans and a blue shirt without any hat.

A great many people saw the Pirate every day, and some laughed at him, and some pitied him; but no one knew him very well, and no one interfered with him. He was a huge, broad man, with a tremendous black and bushy beard. He wore jeans and a blue shirt, and he had no hat. In town he wore shoes. (p. 59)

The Pirate‟s character can be recognized not only from his physical appearance, but also from his behavior. He has strong characteristics that make him different from other people in Tortilla Flat. There are five characteristics of the Pirate found in the novel as follow:

a. Least intelligent

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through character seen by another (Murphy, 1972). Pilon sees that the Pirate is not an intelligent person. The Pirate does not have a good brain like others because he cannot think as good as other people. That is why the Pirate cannot take care of himself.

„…God did not give him all the brain he should have. That poor little Pirate cannot look after himself. For see, he lives in filth in an old chicken house. He feeds upon scraps fit only for his dogs. His clothes are thin and ragged. And because his brain is not a good one, he hides his money.‟ (p. 62)

Steinbeck also describes the Pirate as least intelligent through “direct comment”. “The Pirate looked down at the ground and tried to think clearly, but as always, when he attempted to cope with a problem, his brain grew grey and no

help came from it, but only a feeling of helplessness” (p. 65). The Pirate has

difficulty to think clearly. When he tries to think about a solution to his problem, he becomes confused. Therefore, he finds no way to solve his problem.

The proof above shows that the Pirate does not have good intelligence like his friends. He is the least intelligent among the paisanos. Therefore, he cannot cope with problems in his life. He does not find any solution to his problems. He needs help from others.

b. Dependent

The Pirate is not a self-reliant person. He depends his days on others. He cannot face his life without others. That is why, he is always accompanied by his five dogs. He feels safe when he is around his dogs. Therefore, he becomes dependent on his dogs. Pilon also sees that the Pirate cannot take care himself.

„God did not give him all the brain he should have. The poor little Pirate

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He feeds upon scraps fit only for his dogs. His clothes are thin and

ragged.‟ (p. 62)

…

He looked to his dogs for protection, but they had gone back to sleep, for it was none of their business. (p. 66)

…

As he walked down the street, he felt naked and unprotected without his dogs. It was as though one of his senses were gone. He was frightened to be out alone. Anyone might attack him. (p. 129)

Thus, it is proven that the Pirate cannot take care of himself. He depends on his dogs to get protection from the harmful things in his life. Besides, it also shows that the Pirate cannot cope with his own problem.

Not only does the Pirate depend on animals, but also he depends on other people. It can be seen when Pilon tells him that his friends worry about his way of living, he cannot decide what to do. He says “ „You must tell me what to do, Pilon. I did not know these things” (p. 66). It shows that the Pirate waits for Pilon‟s suggestion. He cannot find any solution for his problem. Moreover, he depends on his friend‟s decision.

Regarding character as seen by another, direct comment, and speech (Murphy, 1972), it is concluded that the Pirate is a dependent person. He needs other person to solve his own problem. Moreover, he depends on his pets for the protection from the danger.

c. Simple

The Pirate is a simple man. He lives in a simple way with his dogs. Although he earns money from selling kindling, he does not spend the money for himself at all. It is shown when he works every day to earn money, but he eats leftover food from the restaurants and wears second-hand clothes from the houses.

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It is stated in the novel that “For years the Pirate had been living in this way. Six days a week he cut pitchwood, and on Sundays he went to church. His clothes he got from the back doors of houses, his food at the back doors of restaurants” (p. 61).

There is another proof that shows the Pirate‟s simplicity. The Pirate accepts his situation to stay in the chicken house. He feels comfortable living in that house with his five dogs. He likes living in the chicken house with his dogs because the dogs keep him warm at night. It indicates that the Pirate is a simple man.

The Pirate lived in a deserted chicken house in the yard of a deserted house on Tortilla Flat. He would have thought it presumptuous to live in the house itself. The dogs live around and on top of him, and the Pirate liked this, for his dogs kept him warm on the coldest nights. (p. 60)

Murphy (1972) says that direct comment is used for revealing a character.

Based on Steinbeck‟s direct comment, it is proven that the Pirate is simple

because he lives in a simple way. The way he saves money and the way he spends his days in the chicken house show that he is a simple man.

d. Religious

Steinbeck describes the Pirate as a religious person. The Pirate goes to the church once a week. It is stated that “Six days a week he cut pitchwood, and on

Sundays he went to church.” (p. 61). It means that he is a pious man. He believes

in God and obeys His command.

Besides, the Pirate also shows his love to God when his dog is cured from its illness. He endeavors to fulfill his promise of dedicating a candlestick for St. Francis to show his grateful. That is why, he tries to earn money so that he can

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buy a gold candle-stick for St. Francis. After he collects the money, he comes to Father Ramon to tell the story of the dog and his promise of a gold candlestick for St. Francis. He wants to give the gold candlestick to St. Francis because he feels the miracle when his dog is cured.

The Pirate shook his head. „ No. I cannot do that. It is promised. I have nearly a thousand two-bitses When I have a thousand I will buy a gold candle-stick for San Fransisco de Assisi.

…

„Once I had a nice dog, and that dog was sick; and I promised a gold candlestick of one thousand days if that dog would get well. And,‟ he

spread his great hands, „that dog got well.‟ (p. 74)

…

„And then, Father,‟ said the Pirate, ‟there was that good little dog, and his nose was dry, and his eyes were like the glass of bottles out of the sea, and he groaned because he hurt inside. And then, Father, I promised the gold candlestick of one thousand days to San Fransisco. He is really my patron, Father. And then there was a miracle! For that dog wagged his tail three times, and right away he started to get well. It was a miracle from San

Francisco, Father, wasn‟t it?‟ (pp. 125-126)

Regarding direct comment and speech (Murphy, 1972), it can be concluded that the Pirate is a religious man. His diligence coming to the church on Sundays and his sincerity to fulfill his promise to St. Francis show that he is religious.

e. Diligent

The Pirate is a diligent person. Every morning he goes to the forest accompanied by his dogs to get pitchwood. He pushes his wheelbarrow tracing the wood to earn kindling. After that, he sells kindling for twenty-five cents.

Every day people saw him wheeling his barrow of pitchwood about the streets until he sold the load. And always in a cluster at his heels walked his five dogs. (p. 59)

…

After about half an hour, the Pirate went to the corner of the vacant lot, threw the covering of sacks from his wheelbarrow and dug up his axe out

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of the ground where he buried it every evening. Then up the hill he pushed the barrow, and into the woods, until he found a dead tree, full of pitch. By noon he has a load of fine kindling; and then, still followed by his dogs, he walked the streets until had sold the load for twenty-five cents. (p. 61) The Pirate is described as the most diligent among his friends. He works while his friends are dallying at Danny‟s house. He is different from the others. He does not have plenty of time to be idled like his friends. He spends his days to work in the woods. Therefore, his friends depend their life to the Pirate since they know that the Pirate will provide the food for them.

The paisanos received his bounty and made use of it; fresh fish, half pies, untouched loaves of stale bread, meat that required only a little soda to take the green out. They began to live. (p. 69)

…

The Pirate went out, and took his wheelbarrow and started into the forest to cut his kindling; but the other five men lay down in the sunshine that broke through the fog, and in a little while they were asleep.

The Pirate had left the bags on the table, and the friends opened them and brought out the food the Pirate had collected. (p. 84)

Murphy (1972) says that character can be seen through direct comment. Based on the facts, it is concluded that the Pirate is a diligent man. He is the one who works among the paisanos and provides food to his friends. He does not waste his time to be loafing like his friends.

B. The motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship This part discusses the reason why Pilon and the Pirate build their friendship. It is to see their motivation of building frienship. Pilon and the Pirate are friends. They live together in Tortilla Flat and make interaction frequently. Moreover, they trust and give an emotional support to one another. It is in

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accordance with Baron and Byrne (1997). Furthermore, Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s friendship are categorized as close friends. It is because they have high intimacy (Beebe et al, 1996).

The Pirate followed them in. „I lied to thee, Pilon,‟ he said. „I told thee I had no money, for I was afraid. I did not know about my friends, then. You have told how hidden money is so often stolen, and I am afraid again. Only last night did a way out come to me. My money will be safe with my

friends. No one can steal it if my friends guard is for me‟ (p. 73)

…

Pilon looked distastefully at the Pirate‟s dirty, ragged clothes.

„Tomorrow,‟ he said sternly, „you must take the seven extra two-bitses and

buy some decent clothes. For ordinary times these may be alright, but on such an occasion as this you cannot go into the church looking like such a gutter rat. It will not be a compliment to your friends. (p. 125)

The evident above shows that Pilon and the Pirate get closer. The Pirate confesses his fault that he has lied to Pilon. Moreover, he trusts his friends to guard his money. On the other hand, Pilon gives a support and a suggestion to the Pirate before he goes to the church. He suggests the Pirate to wear better clothes to the church.

Considering the rules of friendship (Beebe et al, 1996), Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s friendship is good because it fulfills some of the rules of friendship. They are addressing the other person by his or her first name and not criticizing the other personality publicly. The Pirate addresses Pilon by his first name. On the contrary, Pilon does not criticize the Pirate‟s appearance publicly. He comments about the Pirate‟s appearance in the house.

Pilon and the Pirate look so close. There are some reasons why they become friends. It is important to know the reasons why they build their friendship. Huffman et al (1997) define motivation as the factors within somebody

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that direct his behavior to his goal. Therefore, the researcher wants to reveal Pilon and the Pirate factors in building their friendship.

1. Pilon’s motivation

Everybody has intention on every action that he takes. It is called

motivation. This part reveals Pilon‟s motivation behind his friendship with the

Pirate. According to Huffman et al (1997) motivation refers to factors that make somebody does or acts something to get closer with his own goal. Motivation is like the reason why people do or act to achieve their goal. Huffman et al (1997) categorize motivation into two types. They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. These theories are used to uncover Pilon‟s motivation. Pilon‟s motivation is determined by his needs. According to Maslow in Huffman et al (1997), human needs are divided into five levels. They are physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. In analyzing Tortilla Flat, physiological needs and esteem needs theories are applied to reveal Pilon‟s motivation.

Pilon observes the Pirate before he comes to the Pirate. He approaches the Pirate because he knows that the Pirate has hidden money (Steinbeck 61). Pilon‟s motivation is categorized into extrinsic motivation. Huffman et al (1997) say that extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act because of external rewards. Pilon builds friendship with the Pirate because he wants the Pirate‟s money. Therefore, his motivation belongs to the extrinsic motivation.

Pilon‟s motivation to build friendship with the Pirate is determined by his

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personal advantage from his relation with the Pirate. He knows that the Pirate has hidden money. Therefore, he approaches the Pirate and acts sympathetically in order to know where the Pirate‟s money is. He wants to get the Pirate‟s money so that he can buy some food and beverages for fulfilling his tummy.

Now he was getting somewhere. Like the cat, which during a long hour closes in on a sparrow, Pilon was ready for his pounce. „I have it!‟ his brain cried. “It is like this: the Pirate has money, but he has no brain to use it. I have the brain! I will offer my brain to his use. I will give it freely on my mind. That shall be my charity towards this poor little half-made man.‟ (p. 62)

…

„Thy friends are poor,‟ he said. „They would like to help thee, but they have no money. If thou hast money hidden, bring it out into the open. Buy thyself some clothes. Eat food that is not cast out by other people. Bring

thy money out of its hiding place, Pirate.‟ (p. 66)

As Pilon is also greedy, he wants to divert the Pirate‟s money for his own pleasure. It is stated that Pilon and his friends like drinking wine. Pilon is chasing the Pirate‟s money in order to buy much wine. “This money had long ceased, in the minds of the friends, to be currency. It is true that for a long time they had

dreamed of how much wine it would buy...” (p. 120).

Based on Maslow‟s hierarchy needs theory in Huffman et al (1997), it is

concluded that Pilon becomes the Pirate‟s friend because he wants to fulfill physiological needs. He builds his friendship with the Pirate to get the Pirate‟s money in order to buy some food and beverages for his body.

Besides, there is another reason why Pilon becomes the Pirate‟s friend. Based on Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs theory in Huffman et al (1997), Pilon wants to fulfill esteem needs. Esteem needs are the need for appreciation and respect. Pilon wants to be the Pirate‟s friend because he wants to get respected

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and to feel important. He knows that the Pirate is a dependent person. He can be heard by the Pirate because he thinks that the Pirate will follow what he says. When the Pirate listens to him or does what he says, he feels important so it improves his self-esteem.

Pilon looked distastefully at the Pirate‟s dirty, ragged clothes.

„Tomorrow,‟ he said sternly, „you must take the seven two-bitses and buy

some decent clothes. For ordinary times these maybe alright, but on such an occasion as this you cannot go into the church looking like such a gutter

rat. It will not be a compliment to your friends.‟ (p. 125)

…

On Sunday your candlestick will be there,‟ said Pilon. „We cannot go, for you will be wearing our clothes. I do not say Father Ramon will mention you by name, but maybe he will say something about the candlestick. You must try to remember what he says, Pirate, so you can tell us.”

…

Then Pilon grew stern. „Today, my little friend, there were dogs all over Father Ramon‟s house. That was alright for today, but you must remember not to take them to the church on Sunday. It is not fitting that dogs should

be in the church. Leave the dogs at home.‟ (p. 128)

The quotations above show that Pilon gives suggestion to the Pirate. The Pirate obeys his suggestion to buy new clothes for offering the candlestick to the church, to leave the Pirate‟s dogs at home, and to listen to Father Ramon‟s speech. It indicates that Pilon is respected by the Pirate since the Pirate obeys his advice. He also feels important because the Pirate listens to him. Therefore, it is proven that Pilon wants to build his friendship with the Pirate because he wants to fulfill esteem needs.

2. The Pirate’s motivation

This part analyzes the Pirate‟s motivation of having friendship with Pilon.

Huffman et al (1997) categorize motivation into two types. They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. These theories are used to disclose the Pirate‟s motivation.

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pitchwood to get $250. However, he never spent his money at all. He begged for food in the restaurants He lived in a deserted chicken house in the yard of a deserted house on Tortilla Flat. Pilon was curious to reveal the Pirate‟s hoard and approached the Pirate personally. He influenced his friends to invite the Pirate and the Pirate‟s dogs to stay with them and they agreed. They attempted to discover the Pirate‟s hoard but they failed.

How Danny's Friends sought mystic treasure on Saint Andrew's Eve. How Pilon found it and later how a pair of serge pants changed ownership twice. After Big Joe Portagee returned from army jail, he met Pilon. They looked for treasure in the woods on St. Andrew's Eve, and saw the faint beam from a spot which they marked. On the following night, with wine Joe had gotten for a blanket he has stolen from Danny, they dug at the spot and uncovered something labeled "United States Geodetic Survey + 1915 + Elevation 600 Feet". Then, they got drunk on the seaside beach. Pilon stole Big Joe‟s pants and traded it for wine. Despite, he brought Big Joe‟s pants back.

How Danny was ensnared by a vacuum cleaner and how Danny's friends rescued him. Sweet Ramirez tried to get Danny‟s attention after she knew that Danny was an heir. They got closer and Danny gave her a vacuum cleaner. He spent every evening with Sweets, until his friends missed him. Then, Pilon took the vacuum cleaner and exchanged it to Torelli, the local shopkeep, for wine. Torelli was angry because the vacuum cleaner had no motor.

How the friends solaced a corporal and in return received a lesson in paternal ethics. Jesus Maria became a corporal, with a baby. He brought them to

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Danny‟s house. The baby was sick. A Capitán had stolen the corporal's wife. The paisanos helped the baby, but the baby died. In turn, they got a lesson in paternal ethics.

How, under the most adverse circumstances, love came to Big Joe Portagee. Joe Portagee came out of the rain into Tia Ignacia's house. He drank her wine, went to sleep, and woke up to a beating from the woman because he drank her wine and did not take advantage of her. When Tia Ignacia beaten him over and over, he felt love.

How Danny's friends assisted the pirate to keep a vow, and how as a reward for merit the pirate's dogs saw a holy vision. The Pirate‟s money reached at a thousand bitses. Big Joe was beaten into unconsciousness for stealing the money. The friends took the thousand quarters which the Pirate had earned over several years of woodcutting, to Father Ramon for him to buy a candlestick and feast. Moreover, they supported the Pirate to keep his vow by lending their properties to the Pirate before going to the church.

How Danny's friends threw themselves to the aid of a distressed lady. The unmarried Teresina Cortez had a menagerie of nine healthy babies and children, who all live on nothing but tortillas and beans. Nevertheless, they were found amazingly healthy by the school doctor. Teresina gleaned the beans from the fields. When the bean crop was ruined by rain, Danny's housemates stole food all over Monterey for the children. Unfortunately, it made the children sick. However, the arrival of some stolen sacks of beans at the door made them cured.

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Teresina was also pregnant again. She wondered which one of Danny's friends was responsible.

Of the good life at Danny's house, of a gift pig, of the pain of Tall Bob, and of the thwarted love of the viejo Ravanno. Why the windows shouldn't be cleaned. The friends told stories. Danny: how Cornelia lost Emilio's little pig to its sow. Pablo: how everyone laughed after Tall Bob blew his nose off. Jesus Maria: how Petey Ravanno got Gracie by hanging himself and how the viejo hanged himself and died.

How Danny brooded and became mad. How the Devil in the shape of Torelli assaulted Danny's house. Danny was bored by his monotonous life. One day, Danny moved to the forest and could not be found by his friends. When Torelli showed the friends the bill of sale for Danny's house, they stole and burned it.

Of the sadness of Danny. How through sacrifice Danny's friends gave a party. How Danny was translated. When Danny came back to his house after his amok, he began to live listlessly. His friends gave him a party for cheering him up. At the party, Danny challenged all men to fight. Then, he went away from his house. Pilon and Pablo chased him in a gulch. Danny died after he got injuries.

How Danny's sorrowing friends defied the conventions. How the talismanic bond was burned. How each friend departed alone. Danny's friends could not dress adequately for his military funeral. They told stories of him beforehand, in the gulch. Afterward, they drank wine stolen by Pilon from Torelli's. A small fire was accidentally set in the house. The friends watched the

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burning house in approval. Finally, they walked away and no body walked together.

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59 Appendix 2

Biography of John Steinbeck

John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. His father was a Monterey county treasurer and his mother was a former schoolteacher. He had a happy childhood in Salinas Valley with his three sisters.

Steinbeck decided to become a writer at the age of fourteen. As he had strong passion for writing, he often locked himself in his bedroom to write poems and stories. In 1919, He enrolled at Stanford University majoring Biology. However, he rarely attended the classes. Over the next six years, Steinbeck drifted in and out of school, eventually dropping out for good in 1925, without a degree. Then, he worked briefly as a reporter in New York City.

Soon he scurried back to California, where he took a job as a caretaker in Lake Tahoe. It was during this time that Steinbeck wrote his first novel, Cup of Gold (1929), and met and married his first wife, Carol Henning. Over the following decade, with Carol's support and paycheck, he continued to pour himself into his writing.

The Pastures of Heaven (1932) and To a God Unknown (1933) were his follow-up novels. However, none of these books attracted much attention. He achieved his success after he released Tortilla Flat (1935), a humorous novel about paisano life in the Monterey region. Steinbeck struck a more serious tone with In Dubious Battle (1936), Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Long

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Valley (1938), a collection of short stories. The Grapes of Wrath (1939) is widely considered Steinbeck's finest and most ambitious novel. The work eventually earned Steinbeck a Pulitzer Prize in 1940.

Other popular work in his later years are Cannery Row (1945), Burning Bright (1950), East of Eden (1952), The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) and Travels with Charley: In Search of America (1962). In 1962, Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. This award proved his contribution to the work of literature. He died on December 20, 1968, in New York City.

The motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship as portrayed in John Steinbeck`s tortilla flat.

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

IN JOHN STEINBECK’S

TORTILLA FLAT

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

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The motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship as portrayed in John Steinbeck`s tortilla flat.

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

IN JOHN STEINBECK’S

TORTILLA FLAT

THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE

FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

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