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Furthermore, men can be separated according to their interests. The interests men have according to Small in Sorokin include: health, wealth, sociability or prestige,
knowledge, beauty, and rightness p. 644. Talking about manhood means talking about gender. Even though gender
means social sex, it is also close to the difference between men and women. According to Crawford in her book Talking Difference on Gender and Language
1995, the different way of acting of men and women is influenced by a way of creating differences. That is why the men confirm that they are different from the
women. It is supported by the following quotation. When men and women are treated differently in ordinary daily
interactions, they may come to behave differently in return. Thus, gender can be conceived as a self-fulfilling prophecy—a set of processes by
which gender difference is created, the observed differences are conflated with sex, and belief in sex difference is confirmed p.14.
2. Concepts of Living in a Society
To live in a society, there are some norms that have to be accepted by the people who live there. Social norms which regulate the society are divided into
two: formal norms and non formal norms. Formal norms include the norms which come from formal institutions or the government. Formal norms are usually in the
written form. Meanwhile, non formal norms are not in written form and many more than formal ones. Non formal norms include the usage, folkways, and
mores. Maryati and Suryawati, 2001 According to Suprapto quoted by Maryati and Suryawati 2001, there are
five major functions of social norms:
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 1.
to provide such a tool to standardize the social value of a society or a group, 2.
to direct the society how to think and behave, 3.
to motivate someone to fulfill his social role as an individual and a member of a society,
4. to be a solidarity tool with the society in order to give security to all members
of a society, 5.
to be a controller of the human behavior so that people behave in an appropriate manner in the society they live in.
When people live in a society, they need an interaction with people who live surrounding them. In that interaction, status and status role become the
important things. Empirically, status differentiation affects someone in the way that heshe interacts with others. People with higher status behave differently from
the people with of lower status. Social status is also commonly called as social stratification. Edgar and
Sedgwick 2002 explained that it can be called social stratification when the separate groupings in a society can be seen as hierarchical. In sociology, there are
three major types of strata. Edgar and Sedgwick named them as a caste system, an estate system, and industrial societies. The following is the explanation of those
types of strata in society by Edgar and Sedgwick 2002: In a caste system, different strata are characterized in terms of ethnic
purity; with no movement between castes so that a person lives his or her entire life within the caste into which he or she is born. In an estate
system, typical of feudal societies, again there is little and no mobility between strata. The estates are defined through land ownership and
bondage. In industrial societies, stratification is in terms of class, with classes understood as economically defined p. 366.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 Moreover, according to Ralph Linton in Maryati and Suryawati 2001,
there are three ways to have status in a society: ascribed status, achieved status, and assigned status. Ascribed status is granted to people since they were born e.g.
a man of noble birth. This status can be found in feudal societies or extrovert societies. Achieved status is the status which is achieved by people who have a try
at getting it. They are able to get it without the influence of others because it depends on the individual himself. For example, to be a lawyer, someone must
learn and graduate from the Faculty of Law so that he gets the title of lawyer. Then, assigned status is the status which is given by a particular party. Assigned
status is similar to achieved status in how this status is given to someone who has struggled for something. However, assigned status is given by a person or a group
of higher status. For instance, in the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II gave the musician Elton John the title of ‘Sir’ because of his commitment to music in Great
Britain.
3. Sociological Review of Chinese Society in the Nineteenth Century
