Review of Related Studies

B. Review of Related Theories

In order to make this study become scientific, the writer needs some theories as the references. There are three theories that will be used in this study. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, and theory of Compulsive Buying Disorder CBD.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Characters in the story seem to be the most important point. Characters are important because they are the elements who establish the plot of the story. There are several kinds of characters in every story. According to Klarer 1999: 17 the kinds of character are divided into two. First, typified character or called as flat character. Second, individualized character or called as round character. Flat character is usually dominated by one specific trait and the round character usually denotes a person with more complex and different feature. According to Abrams 1985: 24 characterization can be analyzed by using showing method. The author will let the reader to conclude about the character’s motives and disposition behind it by understanding about what the characters talks and act. In order to expand the inferences about the characterization, the reader can make form of what the characters have talk about when they talk to each other. The theory of character and characterization is necessary to use in this study. This theory will be related to the discussion about all the characteristic that the characters have. Murphy 1972: 161-173 states that to understand further about the characters, there are nine important points that are needed. They are:

a. Personal Description: The author can describe about the appearance and

clothes of the person.

b. Character seen by another: A person can be described through the eyes

and opinions of another by the author.

c. Speech: By looking at what the person say, the author can gives us an

insight into the character of one of the person in the book.

d. Past life: The author makes the reader learn about the person’s life in the

past that can be the clue to shape a person character.

e. Conversation of Others: It is the way how the author figure out the

character by learning something in the person’s past life.

f. Reactions: The person’s character can be understood by knowing the

reaction of the person towards the various situation and event.

g. Direct Comment: The author describe or comments on a person’s character

directly.

h. Thought: It is the way the author gives the reader direct knowledge of what

person thinking.

i. Mannerism: The person’s character can be understood in person’s

mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which is described by the author. The nine elements of the theory of character and characteristics by M.J. Murphy will not be used all because some of them cannot be applied. Some elements that will be used are Personal Description, Character seen by another, Speech, Past life, and Reaction.

2. Theory of Setting

According to Klarer 1999: 25, the term ‘setting’ denotes the location, historical period, and social surroundings in which action of a text develops. It means that setting is the aspect that supports the action to take place, such as place, time, and the environment. Setting can be defined as the location where something happens. Klarer also states that setting can be the crucial point or elements 1999: 26. By using the theory of setting, the writer finds out some important points about setting in the novel such as the social environment that influences the main character’s behavior. Dealing with the social surroundings means that the study also deal with the society of the story. Society is related to the human relationship with around them. In the book of Society in the Novel 1984: 6 by Elizabeth Langland, society in the novel is described in some points such as custom, beliefs, physical environment, human relationship, background, places and institution. According to Murphy 1972: 143, there are three points to consider in setting. The points are time, place, and atmosphere. By looking to the theory of setting from Elizabeth Langland and Murphy, setting can be concluded into three things. Those things are places, relationship, and family.

3. Theory of Compulsive Buying Disorder CBD

Literature and psychology are two different disciplines. Talking about literature is always related to the literary works or written works such as poem, fiction, drama, vice versa. Then in the psychology, it is scientific that deal with human’s behavior, mental human personality. In a word, psychology is called as the study of human minds work. In order to analyze the psychological thing in literary works, both terms can be used to analyze. Characters in plays and novels are judged by us to be ‘psychologically’ true. Situations are praised and plots accepted because of this same quality. Sometimes a psychological theory, held either consciously or dimply by an author, seems to fit a figure or a situation Wellek and Warren, 1956: 91. In the book Theory of Literature by Wellek and Warren, psychological term can be applied in some ways in literature, such as the characters, the author, and the background of the story. Psychological theory can help the reader to analyze the characters behavior and personality. Klarer 1999: 17 states in his book that A psychological approach is, however, merely one way of evaluating characters; it is also possible to analyze character representation in the context of narratological structures. Thus, the theory of psychology can be applied to analyze the characteristic of the character in psychological point of view. In a word, theory of psychology can be applied in literature to analyze the character inside the story because the characteristic of human and the characters inside the story are similar. In human psychological problem, the disorder term usually comes up. Disorder is human’s behavior or activity which has unusual things in general. People with disorder always has some different personality. Compulsive buying disorder CBD is one of disorders that mostly happens in society. CBD is the disorder when people do shopping activity to release their desire. They will not think about the price, quality, even about the function. They will buy anything to release their desire. CBD also includes in the behavioral addiction. According to the Behavioral Addiction by Rosenberg and Feder 2014: 65, to define the behavioral addiction, there are six components inside. In this study only five components that is applied. One of the components, Mood-Modification, is not used because it cannot be applied to the character’s personality. The components that is applied are, Salience, Tolerance, Withdrawal Symptoms, Conflict and Relapse.

a. Salience: The behavior in a person’s life becomes the most important activity

and also tends to dominate the thinking, feelings and behavior.

b. Tolerance: The process whereby increasing amounts of the behavior are

required to achieve the former mood=modifying effects, often meaning greater periods of time are spent engaging in the behavior, andor there is a desire escalation in the intensity, recklessness, destructiveness, and ego- dystonic nature of behavior.

c. Withdrawal Symptoms: The unpleasant feeling and physical effects such as

the moodiness, and irritability that occur when a person cannot engage in the behavior.

d. Conflict: it referenced discord between the person and the surroundings such

as social life, work, hobbies, and interest. Besides, from the individual itself will be occur intraphysic conflict or subjective feelings of loss of control. In a word, it is concerned with spending too much time for engaging in addictive behavior.