Discussion RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

40 communication, including the commentators and announcers. Sport commentators or announcers perform jargon rapidly to describe activities or moments that happen in the game. The data which are identified as second function show the closeness, relationship and sentiment of the characters. They use technical terms to show their solidarity rather than to exclude the out-groupers.

B. Discussion

In this section, the researcher describes, explains and answers the questions based on the research findings and the formulation of problems in chapter one. The explanation is also based on the related theories which are previously described in chapter two. This section is divided into two parts. The first is analysis of jargon‟s forms and the second part is analysis of jargon‟s functions. The explanations in this section also serve the example of the data. a. Word Formation Processes of Jargon The first objective deals with word formation processes. There are 10 processes. They are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and abbreviation, derivation and multiple processes. Yet, the researcher only can find six processes in this research. The discussion is presented below. 41

a. Compounding

As displayed in Table 2, compounding is the most prominent form of jargon performed in film Money Ball. Compounding is a process of combining two or more words to produce a single word with a new meaning without any reduction. Sport terms are often produced in this process. In this research, there are 25 out of 77 items which are classified as compounding. The findings show that the percentage of this form is 32.46. This percentage is the highest among all percentages. Baseball jargons in term of compounding are often used by the characters. They are easily found in the movie. Compounding occurs in the dialogue below. Billy : Can he hit? Keough : Hes got a beautiful swing. The ball explodes off his bat. He throws the club head at the ball, and when he connects, he drives it, it pops off the bat. You can hear it all over the ballpark. JM16F1Com The dialogue above happens when Billy and all Oakland Athletics staff managers are meeting in a room. They are discussing about buying some players. They give their arguments about players who deserve to replace Giambi and Isringhausen position. Keough, one of the staffs, suggests team to buy Geronimo. He says that Geronimo has all that are needed by the club and he believes that Geronimo can crowd the ballpark. The word “ballpark” is another term of “stadium”. The word actually consists of two words. They are “ball” and “park”. Both have their own meaning. Separately, they have different meaning from the word “ballpark”. According to Oxford Dictionary, ball is a round object which is used for throwing, hitting or kicking in games 42 and sports. Ball is also classified as a round object or a thing that has been formed into a round shape. Whereas, park is an area of public land in a town or a city where people go to walk, play and relax. American people use term ballpark or park to refer to a piece of land for playing sport, especially baseball. Ballpark is uncommonly used in Britain and other countries except America. In Indonesia, people prefer to use term “stadium”. Compounding happens when two words are joined without any reduction to produce a new single word with new meaning. The words can be in same class noun with noun or different class noun with verb or adverb. The word “ball” is joined with the word “park” and produce word “ballpark”. Ball and park are classified as noun. Yet, they can be joined through this process. The following datum is also explained as the example of compounding. Billy : Okay good. What‟s the problem? Grady : The problem is we have to replace three key players in our lineup. JM19F1Com The dialogue still occurs in the meeting. Billy asks everybody in the room, who do not understand the problem, about resolving the problem. The dialogue above contains the term of compounding. The word “lineup” is a compound word from word “line” and “up”. They have different meaning. One cannot get the meaning clearly if they are understood separately. Lineup is a term that is usually used to refer to the players who are brought by coach in a match. On the other hand, separately the word “line” means a long thin mark on the ground that is used to show the limit or border of something. Whe reas, “up” according to Oxford Dictionary, is a word which has many 43 functions. It can be an adverb, preposition, adjective, verb or noun. Functionally, word “up” is often used in phrasal verb. The word “lineup” is often used in sport to refer to players in a team. A baseball lineup usually consists of 15 until 18 players. 9 players are the starting and the others are reliever or substitution players. Based on the position, starting players are divided into three. They are infielder, outfielder and battery. However, infielder is also divided into first baseman, second baseman, third baseman and shortstop. Outfielder is divided into left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. Then battery is pitcher and catcher. Each team must announce the Batting Order. Player who plays at bat for the first until ninth is listed in the Batting Order. The list cannot be changed during the match. If a player in the batting order unfortunately has injured during the match, he can be replaced by substitution player. However, the substitution player plays for hitting and running only, appropriated to the injured player‟s position. A substitution player who plays for hitting is called pinch hitter. Then, who plays for running is called pinch runner. A pinch hitter is responsible for hitting and running to first base. After he successfully reaches first base, he must be replaced by the original batter based to the batting order list. The starting pitcher also can be changed by relieve pitcher. His duty is the same as the starting pitcher. In sport, jargons in term of compounding are easily found. Another example of compounding is explained bellow. 44 Billy : What‟s the problem Barry? Barry : We need 38 homeruns, 27 RBIs and 47 doubles to replace... JM20F1Com Billy does not get the answer. Then he asks Barry. Barry says that the team needs 38 homeruns. The word “homerun” has ambiguous meaning if it is not used in baseball. It consists of “home” noun and “run” verb. The word “homerun” cannot be understood separately. Home is a place which we live in. Whereas, run is an activity of using our legs. If they are joined without any reduction, the meaning automatically change. In sport, especially baseball, homerun refers to a chance for running back to home-base without any obstruction. If the batter hits the ball strongly toward tribune or outside of the park, which cannot be caught by outfielders, he and the runners at first, second and third base are allowed to run to home- base without any obstruction. The higher point for a homerun is 4. It happens when the batter successfully hits for a homerun and all bases are loaded by runners. The batter and the three runners, who run back to home-base, are valued 4 points. Compounding dominates the findings of this research since the r esearch‟s theme relates to sport. In sport, the process of joining word often happens. Technical terms which are produced by compounding process help us to describe the action or activity in sport. The first word which is joined usually indicates the adjective. It gives certain information to the second one. The common technical terms, such as baseman, curveball, fastball and home-base are the examples of compounding which are performed in baseball. Baseman 45 is a player who keeps a base, curveball means the pitched ball with curve direction, fastball is the ball which is pitched by the pitcher quickly and strongly, and home-base is the place at which the offensive team stands.

b. Clipping and Ellipsis

Clipping and ellipsis become the second most prominent process in this research. There are 18 out of 77 items which are identified as clipping. The findings show that clipping has percentage 23.376. Clipping is process of word‟s reduction. Whereas, ellipsis is a process of omitting a part or some parts of clause or phrase that too long to be mentioned. In this research, ellipsis is also found in the movie. The example of ellipsis is explained below. Announcer 1: Bases loaded. The Yankees have the tying run at second , down 2-nothing JM11F1Cl-El The dialogue above contains ellipsis word. The announcers or sport commentators usually use ellipsis word to make an economical communication. They may use the first part or sometimes the second part of a technical term. Word “second” does not have any clear meaning. It is sometimes used as adjective or works as informant for the second word. According to Oxford Dictionary, the word “second” is used as determiner and ordinal number. Yet, if it is preceded by preposition, such as “at”, the word “second” can be accepted meaningful. In the dialogue above, it refers to “second inning”. 46 A baseball match consists of nine innings. One inning consists of two games. Every team has chance to play as offensive and defensive team. The offensive team has to score as much as possible. Meanwhile, the defensive team has to restrain them to score. The pitcher defensive pitches the ball as fast as possible in order to make the ball cannot be hit by the batter offensive. If the batter unfortunately has failed three times to hit the ball strike three or strike out, he must out and must be replaced by the next batter. A team is only allowed three times of failure in an inning. Moreover, if the next second and third batters also fail to hit the ball, the inning or game is over. The position must be turned. Ellipsis words are often found in sport. The second example of ellipsis is found the dialogue bellow. Martinez : Most of the youngsters that we have an interest in have one or two tools, and were hoping to develop an extra one. Your son has five. Were looking at a guy thats a potential superstar for us in New York. The time is now to get him started . JM32F1Cl-El Datum number 36 in the dialogue above is also classified as ellipsis. The dialogue happens when Billy suddenly remembers a person who talked to him when he was young. The name is Martinez. He was a scout who found Billy‟s talent. Billy was very young when he was offered a chance to be a professional baseball player. Martinez told his parents that he was a complete baseball player. The word “five” in the dialogue above refers to five-tool guy. Five-tool guy is a term that is used to describe a player who has five abilities 47 and can be played in any position. The player has hitting skill, catching skill, running skill, throwing ability and fielding ability. In other words, the player can hit, catch, run, throw and can play as fielder infielder or outfielder. In baseball, this kind of player usually has high value market. Sometimes, some long technical terms, usually phrases are shortened by eliminating or omitting some parts of the phrase. The phrase five-tool guy cannot be translated separately. The wor d “guy” is modified by phrase “five- tool”. The phrase is used as the modifier of the next word. People usually use term “five” rather than “five-tool” in a conversation. The possibility of eliminating occurs to the second and third part or both of them. The modifier part is the most possible to be left. The term “fastball” in baseball refers to the technique of pitching the ball. The ball is pitched powerfully. In baseball, the term can be reduced into “fast”. The commentators often reduce the some technical terms without losing the meaning. People still can get the meaning clearly, although it has reduced. The dialogue below also contains ellipsis. Billy : Well. Good news is we want you at first. We want you to play first base for the Oakland As. Scott : Okay, well, Ive only ever played catcher. Billy : Scott, youre not a catcher anymore. JM39F1Cl-El Billy is looking for a new player. Then he decides to recruit Scott Alan. Billy wants him to play at first, even though he is a catcher. The word “first” in baseball has two meanings. The first is “first-inning” and second is “first- base”. In this case, the word “first” refers to “first base”. The phrase “first 48 base” consists of determiner “first” and noun head “base”. The noun word is omitted through this process. Ideally, people want to deliver their purpose in a simple way. In order to make a simple way, they often reduce some long phrases or terms. The omission process is used to produce the economical shortened word without changing the meaning. One still can get the meaning and the purpose of somebody‟s utterance. In some British- English countries, there is a possibility to clip somebody‟s name or something‟s name. This process, which is called hypocorism, happens by eliminating the last syllable of the name and adding –y or –iein the end the name. The datum below shows the example of hypocorism. Man : There you go Scotty H. That‟s what I talking about. Picking machine JM47F2Cl-El In a training session, somebody give some spirit to Hatteberg. He supports Hatteberg to train harder and makes sure that playing as first baseman is easy. The man who shouts is one of the club staffs. To show the closeness and solidarity between them, the man use hypocorism in addressing Hatteberg‟s name. The word Scotty refers to Scott Hatteberg. However, the letter “y” has no clear meaning if it stands alone. Hypocorism happens when a multi-syllable word is reduced to a single syllable, then “y” or “ie” is added in the end of that single syllable. The phrase “right-handed” is reduced into “right”, then “y” is added in the end to produce “righty”. This process also happens to somebody‟s name. Usually hypocorism happens in British-English countries, such as America. 49

c. Multiple Processes

There are 14 out of 77 items which are indicated as multiple processes. The percentage of the process is 18.18. It is the third most prominent form of jargon in this research. It is a possibility of combining process of word formation processes. In its creation, a word can be combined with other elements, such as affixes and othe words. The processes can cause alteration in type and meaning of word. The dialogue below contains the multiple processes. Man 3 : The guy is an athlete. Big, fast, talented.Top of my list. Pote : Clean-cut, good face. Yeah, good jaw. Five-tools guy. Good looking ballplayer. JM14F1MP The bold word in the dialogue above is indicated as multiple processes. The word is formed through two processes. The first process is derivation. Separately, the word “ball” refers to a round object which is used for throwing, hitting or kicking in sport. Whereas, the word “player” refers to the person who plays or takes part in a game or sport. The root of the word “player” is “play”. The suffix–er in the end of the word changes the type of word. The word “play” is classified as verb. However, if the suffix is added, the type changes into “noun”. The suffix–er is commonly added in the end of a verb in order to make a term which is associated as its subject. However, suffix –er is not only can be added in the end of verb. It also can be added in end of noun. Batter noun consists of bat noun and suffix –er. The type of word does not change, whereas the meaning has changed. Bat is the stick that 50 is used to hit the ball. Then batter is the person who plays as hitter. Certainly, not all verb or noun are can be added this suffix. The second process of creating term “ballplayer” is compounding. The word “ball” and “player” are joined without any reduction. The meaning of the new wor d also changes. The word “ballplayer” in this case means baseball player. However, it also can be used in all sport, such as football, basketball and softball. The dialogue below shows another example of multiple processes. Mark : What else you think? Billy : Outfielders. Mark : To replace Damon? Billy : Yeah. JM26F1MP Billy goes to Mark Shapiro, the general manager of Cleveland Indians, to talk about the possibility of player transfer. Billy says that he needs outfielders. Outfielders refer to baseball players whose position is on the outside of the diamond area infield area. They are responsible for catching the long ball. Outfielders consist of left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. Outfielder is formed through multiple processes between compounding and derivation. Word “outfielder” basically consists of two words. They are “out” and “fielder”. The grammatical inflection item “s” in the end of the word has no significant meaning. It does not change the meaning and class of the word. The grammatical inflection deals with the quantity of participant plural or singular and the time past or present. The root of the word “fielder” is “field” which is classified as noun. Furthermore, it is a non-personal word. 51 Field refers to an area which is used for playing sport. It is also called pitch. The suffix –eris added in order to make a new term for its person. If the word “field” refers to the pitch, the word “fielder” refers to person who is related to field. Multiple processes not only deal between compounding and derivation. The dialogue below shows another combination in multiple processes. Billy : Okay. Straight up. Garcia for Guthri, no kicker. Mark : No kicker? Billy : Straight up. JM28F1MP The word “kicker” above has ambiguity meaning since it is used in sport. Literally, it can be a person who kicks something. However, there is nobody in baseball who has responsibility for kicking the ball. It is possible if the word “kicker” is used in American football and soccer. In baseball, especially Major League Baseball main American baseball league, kicker means additional payroll or money. People who involve in that business usually use term “kicker”. Kicker consists of two elements. They are the word “kick” and the suffix – er . This kin d of process is identified as derivation. The word “kick” is classified as verb. If the suffix –er is added in the end of the word, the class of that word changes into noun. Kicker is literally used to refer to people who kicks something or people who has responsibility for kicking something. However, its meaning also changes. In the dialogue above, kicker has new function. The function is not to describe the person who kicks something. Word “kicker” refers to “money” or “additional payroll”. This process is 52 called functional shift or category change. It is well known as conversion. The word “kicker” has through two processes. They are derivation and conversion. The processes are identified as multiple processes. Further explanation about conversion is explained below.

d. Derivation

The fourth prominent form in this research is derivation with 12.98 of appearance or 10 out of 77 items. Derivation is the most common word- formation in English. Derivation is a process when the meaning of word changes if a number of small “bits” are added in the beginning or in the end of that word. The bits are also called affixes. There are three kinds of affixes. They are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. In this research, suffixes are the only affixes which are found. Suffixes are affixes which are added in the end of word. Suffixes commonly happen in English. The dialogue below shows an example of suffix. Billy : If hes good, why doesnt he hit good? Keough : He is a good hitter. Pote : Hell be ready. JM17F1Der The word “hitter” in the dialogue above refers to the player who is responsible to hit the ball pitching by pitcher. In baseball, hitter is also called batter . Batter is a person who plays at bat. Bat itself is a kind of wooden stick which is used to hit the ball. To ease the mentioning, people who involve in baseball and softball use term “hitter” or “batter”. The word “hitter” consists of two elements. The first is root word and the second is suffix. The root of word “hitter” is “hit”. The affix –er which is 53 added in the end of that word is called suffix. Automatically the meaning and type of word change if they are joined. Separately, the word “hitter” is noun and “hit” is verb. Commonly in English, the formula of making noun word is by adding suffix in the end of a verb. Basically, the formula of adding suffix –er in English is used if the name of its noun form is unidentified. The datum below shows an example of derivation. Peter : Billy, this is Chad Bradford. He‟s a relief pitcher. He is one of the most undervalued players in baseball. His defect is that he throws funny. JM35F1Der In baseball and softball, person who has been responsible to pitch the ball toward the batter or hitter is called pitcher. The case of adding suffix also happens to the word “pitcher” above. The suffix –er changes the type of word. Word “pitch” has two functions. It can be used as a noun and also as a verb. According to the position of the player, the root of the word “pitcher” is “pitch”. It is an activity of throwing the ball in baseball. The root is classified as verb. Otherwise, the word “pitcher” is the noun of pitch. The use of the word “pitcher” is the same as the word “batter” or “hitter”. They are used as personal noun. The noun form of pitch is generally unidentified. Adding suffix –er in the end of verb is one of the ways of creating new words. However, there is an exception. Suffix –er is not always paired with verb. The word “batter” and “fielder” in baseball have the root “bat” and “field”. Both roots are classified as noun. Adding suffix in the end of noun is used to figure the pronoun of its noun form. Another example of derivation is explained in the datum below. 54 Announcer : Thats the third Ranger batter to be hit today. Twice Alex Rodriguez was nicked. The ninth. JM48F1Der Batter is a player who uses bat baseball stick to hit the ball. Anyhow the use of the word “batter” is the same as the word “hitter”. Batter and bat are classified as noun. Yet, they have different meanings. If batter refers to the person, then bat refers to the tool that is used by that person. The suffix does not change the word class, but the meaning. Further information, if the batter successfully hits the ball, he must run at least to the first base. The player is not called batter anymore. He is called runner.

e. Acronym and Abbreviation

Acronym and abbreviation is in the fitfh position with 7 items or 8.23 appearances. Acronym is formed from the initial letters of a set of words. They are pronounced as a new single word. However, acronym is not found in this movie. Abbreviation is almost similar to acronym, but they distinctively differ. Abbreviation is pronounced as its letters. The example of abbreviation is explained in the dialogue below. Billy : Thats my bar. My bar is here. My bar is to take this team to the championship. Steve : Billy, were a small-market team, and youre a small- marketGM. Im asking you to be okay not spending money that I dont have. And Im asking you to take a deep breath, shake off the loss, get back in a room with your guys, and figure out how to find replacements for the guys we lost with the money that we do have. 55 JM12F1Acr-abr The dialogue shows that Steve uses technical term when he speaks to Billy. He uses term “GM” to refer to “General Manager”. One of the reasons of its usage is to make an economical communication between them. GM is pronounced as its letters, “G” and “M”. Abbreviation is one of terms which are very often used by people. It is often used for shortening long phrases of organization‟s name, institute, agency, statistics and many more. The fact is that by using abbreviation or acronym, the long terms can be reduced and mentioned easily. Abbreviation is also found in the dialogue below. Billy : No. Whats the problem, Barry? Barry : We need 38 home runs, 120 RBIs and 47 doubles to replace... Billy : Imitates buzzer JM21F1Acr-abr The word “RBI” is pronounced word by word. RBI is a shortened form of Run Batted In. It is a statistic value which is used to show the quality of a player in baseball. A player gets the value if they successfully hits, runs and scores. The statistics is accumulated in a season. Acronym and abbreviation are used by some organizations including sport. Their long terms can be reduced in some short technical terms. The meanings of the terms are still understood by people. Although almost similar, but basically abbreviation differs from acronym. The common examples of acronym term are FIFA, UEFA and UNESCO. They consist of initial letters which are joined and pronounced as a single word. However, they are not 56 found in this research. Another example of abbreviation is described in the dialogue below. Billy : Thats what were looking for. Three ballplayers Three ballplayers whose average OBP is...? Peter : 364 JM36F1Acr-abr The bold word is identified as abbreviation. OBP is abbreviation from On Base Percentage. The word OBP is pronounced as its letters, O, B and P. It is a player‟s percentage of reaching base. It is a measure of how often a batter reaches the base. Other examples of abbreviation are MLB Major League Baseball, AL American League, NL National League, ALDS American League Division Series, NLDS National League Division Series, ALCS American League Championship Series and NLCS National League Championship Series.

f. Conversion

The sixth process is conversion. Conversion happens when a word is not used as its function or its meaning without any reduction. There are only 3 out of 77 items which are identified as conversion. The percentage is 3.89. Conversion is explained in the dialogue below. Announcer 1: Damon has eight hits in 18 at bats, a double, a triple, a couple of stolen bases. He had four hits in the series opener. JM01-02F1Con In the dialogue above, the word “double” and “triple” are used as noun. Actually, the word “double” and “triple” are classified as adjective. Yet, for some reasons, they can be used as noun. The article in the beginning of the 57 words determines t he word‟s type. The words “double” and “triple” are preceded by article “a”. In baseball, they are used as noun, rather than adjective. The word “double” is also known as Two Base Hit. It happens when a hitter successfully hits the ball and runs to second base. The word “triple” is also the same as the word “double”. It happens when a hitter succesfully hits the ball and runs to the third base. The dialogue below shows another example of conversion. Announcer 1 : He had four hits in the series opener. Strike JM69F1Con The dialogue above, the word “strike” is used as noun. Actually, the word is classified as verb. Ther word “strike” refers to unsuccessful hitting. A batter has three chances to hit the ball. If the first chance is fail it‟s called “Strike One”. The second is “Strike Two” and third is “Strike Three”. After the third strike, the batter must be changed. Meanwhile, the other four processes are not found in the movie. They are Coinage, Borrowing, Blending and Backformation. Coinage is uncommonly used in sport. Easton Stealth, TPX Exo, De Marini Vexxum and B3 Combat are some examples of baseball bat brand. Nevertheless, none of them are mentioned in the baseball matches to refer to baseball stick. However, to appreciate the sponsor or people who have big influences for them, clubs sometimes naming their stadiums with the name of their own great players or their club sponsor. It commonly happens in football. Etihad Stadium Manchester City FC, Santiago BernabeuStadium Real Madrid FC, Emirates Stadium Arsenal FC, Vincente Calderon Stadium Atletico de 58 Madrid FC and Allianz Arena Bayern Munich FC are the examples of coinage in sport. People simply mention Etihad, Emirates, Bernabeu, Calderon and Allianz to refer to the stadiums. Emirates, Etihad and Allianz are the name of their club sponsors. The biggest sponsor usually has a contract for naming the stadium. Calderon and Bernabeu are the names of people who have big influences for their clubs. Using person‟s name as the name of something is called eponym. In this research, the researcher does not find coinage form because it is not found in the movie. Borrowing is also not found in the movie. The dialogue does not contain borrowing form. English adopts a vast number of words from other languages. Yet, the borrowed words exist outside sport. They are usually found in musical, scientific or medical field. A cultural acculturation influences the use of language. Common terms, such as algebra, piano and yogurt are the examples of borrowing. The Roman Empire and Arabian inventions thousands years ago had an important role in the figuration of borrowing. The combination of two separate words to produce a new single word is also not found in this research. Blending is commonly found in modern English. The blending terms, such as brunch breakfast and lunch, cyborg cybernetic organism and motel motor hotel are used by modern people. Baseball blending term cannot be found in Money Ball. The last process which is not found in the research is backformation. It does not exist in the movie, since Money Ball is a sport theme movie. Backformation is one of the 59 types of reduction which produces new type of word. The reduced word is usually noun. It is reduced into verb, such as donate from donation. Backformation is uncommonly used in sport.

b. Functions of Jargon

In this research, there are two functions of jargon. The first is to serve as a technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication. The second is to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use the jargon. According to Table 2, 70 items 90.90 have function as technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication. Meanwhile, 7 items 9.09 are used to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use the jargon. The first function is used to state the commands, instructions and activities which are shown in sport. In other words, the sport jargons are used to ease communication among people who involve in the sport. In the creating economical communication, people use some terms which represent their purpose. They create their own terms in the forms of compounding, coinage, borrowing, clipping, blending, acronym or abbreviation, derivation and backformation. Many sport terms or commands consist of some technical words. Using jargon give us a possibility of making easier and quicker communication. The data below contain the function of jargon. 60 Announcer 1 : Damon has eight hits in 18 at bats, a double, a triple, a couple of stolen bases. He had four hits in the series opener. JM01-02F1Con In the dialogue above, the announcer 1 is reporting the match. He uses some ambiguous words or phrases which cannot be understood easily by outsiders or out-groupers. The announcer tries to tell the listeners and spectators that Damon has played 18 times as a batter or hitter and he has successfully hit 8 times. Damon also has a double or two bases hit, a triple or three bases hit and also a couple of stolen bases. A runner at first or second base is allowed to run to the next bases second or third base when the pitcher is preparing to throw the ball and his leg is not yet step on the pitch plate. This runner‟s action is called stealing the base or stolen base. A word or phrase in baseball jargons sometimes has a vast numbers of meanings. The commentators or announcers simply use a technical language. Some commands, instructions and signs are pronounced in jargon. Sport uses jargon to make an effectiveness of communication among people who involve in that sport. Catcher is usually the team‟s captain in baseball. He has an authority for leading the team including giving an instruction to the pitcher. He usually suggests pitcher where and how the ball must be thrown. A pitcher often uses some techniques of throwing the ball, such as fastball. Jargon in the datum below has a function. Peter : The Visalia Oaks and our 240-pound catcher, Jeremy Brown, who, as you know, is scared to run to second base. This was in a game six weeks ago. This guys gonna start with a fastball. JM77F1Com 61 Peter tells Billy that Jeremy gets ready to hit the ball, which is pitched using a kind of pitching technique. The bold word in the dialogue above is the example of compounding. It has a certain meaning which is only understood by people who involve in baseball. Fastball is one of pitching techniques. The ball must be thrown quickly and powerfully. This is aimed to make unpredictable direction of the ball. The term fastball is used to make an economical communication. Sport commentators have responsibility to comment and report anything that happens during the game. They often speak rapidly and make an efficient speech by using technical terms. People who involve in a certain organization or occasion often use some contextual terms. In sport, not only commentator but also players, coaches, team managers and umpires use them. They simply use them in the game and outside the game. The dialogue below shows another example of jargon‟s function. Steve : Billy, were a small-market team, and youre a small- marketGM. Im asking you to be okay not spending money that I dont have. JM12F1Acr-abr In an internal meeting, Steve, the owner of the club, warns Billy for not spending too much money. Steve states that does not want to spend a lot of money for small-market GM like Billy. GM is the shortened term of General Manager, the person who manages the team totally. A general manager is usually the right hand of the president of the club or club‟s owner. The term 62 GM is one of the examples of jargon. It is classified as abbreviation. Its function is to ease the conversation between Steve and Billy. The second function of jargon is to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use the jargon. People show their identities as the member of particular organization, nationality, race and occasion in the appearance, language or the way they speak. They also sometimes show their feeling, sentiment, closeness and solidarity among the members by using jargon. The way people speak including language, accent and dialect can show their identities. People who do not use the same language, accent and dialect can be identified as the out-groupers. The in-groupers speak and act in their way in order to exclude the out-groupers. In this research, the second function of jargon is relatively aimed to identify the closeness among characters in the movie. It does not deal with excluding people who do not use jargon. Some characters show their closeness and sentiment by using jargon. Billy : Its not that hard, Scott. Tell him, Wash Washington : Its incredibly hard. Hey, anything worth doing is. And were gonna teach you. JM41F1Cl-El Billy and Washington are visiting to Scott‟s house. Billy is looking for a player who can play as first baseman to replace Jason Giambi. Billy wants him to play at first base. Meanwhile, Scott Hatteberg basically is a catcher. Then, Billy asks Washington to teach Scott how to play as first baseman. Billy shows his closeness by addressing Washington by “Wash”. “Wash” is the clipping form of Washington. He is the member of club‟s staff 63 manager. In some British-English countries, to show the closeness and relationship, people often clip somebody‟s name, such as Pete for Peter Peter Brand. They also add –ie or –y in the end of the name, such as Scotty or Hattie for Scott Hatteberg. It is called hypocorism. The datum below shows the closeness between Billy and Sabian. Billy : Saby- sabster, it‟s Billy. What do you think of Venafro? I can let you have him for almost nothing. Sabian : Why would you do that? JM60F2Cl-El Billy is talking to Sabian by phone. He tries to sell his player, Venafro, to Sabian. The closeness between them is shown in the dialogue above. Billy addresses him by “Saby”. They work in the same field. It means that they have the same interest and talk about something in the same context. In baseball context, they can be classified as in- groupers. Yet, they don‟t want to exclude out-groupers. The second function of jargon not always deals with promoting solidarity. In some occasions, the second function can be used for excluding the out-grouper. Military jargons, for instance, are used by the military member in particular occasion. In a war, they use some special technical terms which are not understood by enemy out- grouper. The in-groupers use the jargons for building tactic, deciding the coordinate and position, describing the kind of weapon and giving commands or military instructions. 64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS