A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF BASEBALL JARGON IN MILLER’S MONEYBALLTHE MOVIE.

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature

Achmad Septian Nugrahanto 10211144014

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEDICATION

I proudly dedicate this thesis to my parents, Mr. Raharjo and Mrs. Vita Prihatini, my sisters, my relatives, friends and everyone who cares, helps, and always

MOTTOS

Keep fighting! Impossible is nothing!

“O you who have believed, seek help through patience and

prayer. Indeed, Allah is

with the patient”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

SURAT PERNYATAAN ... iv

DEDICATION ... v

MOTTOS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT ... viii

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Significances of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A. Literature Review ... 7

1. Sociolinguistics ... 7

2. Language and Society ... 9

3. Language Variety ... 10

a) Style ... 12

b) Register ... 12

c) Slang ... 14

d) Jargon ... 14

1) Word Formation Processes of Jargon ... 16

5. Related Studies ... 26

B. Conceptual Framework ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of Study ... 31

B. Research Instrument ... 31

C. Form, Context and Source of Data ... 32

D. Techniques of Data Collection ... 32

E. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 33

F. Data Trustworthiness ... 35

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Findings ... 37

B. Discussion ... 40

1. Word Formation Processes of Jargon ... 40

2. Functions of Jargon ... 59

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 64

B. Suggestions ... 66

REFERENCES ... 68

APPENDICES ... 70

A. Data Sheet of A Sociolinguistic Analaysis of Baseball Jargon in Miller‟s Money Ball the Movie ... 71

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES

Figure 1. Analytical Construct ... 30

Table 1. The example of Data Sheet of a Sociolinguistic Analysis of Baseball

Jargon inMiller’s Money Ball the Movie ... 34

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Forms and Functions of Baseball

A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF BASEBALL JARGON IN MILLER’S MONEY BALL THE MOVIE

Achmad Septian Nugrahanto 10211144014

ABSTRACT

This research studied the sociolinguistic phenomenon, especially in terms of jargon. This study was intended to analyze the word-formation processes of jargon which occur in Miller‟s Money Ball the movie. In this study, the functions of sport jargon which occur in Miller‟s Money Ball the movie were also analyzed.

Descriptive qualitative method was applied in this study. The percentage and frequency of the data were used to strengthen the findings. Meanwhile, the discussion was presented in a descriptive way. The researcher presenteda deep analysis of the data. The data were in the form of wordsand phrases in the transcript of the movie‟s dialogue. Money Ball the movie and its transcript became the sources of the data. The data were collected by the researcher. Since it was a qualitative study, the researcher became the key instrument for collecting, measuring, and analyzing the data. Moreover, a triangulation was conducted to ensure the research trustworthiness. All of the data were analyzed through sociolinguistic perspective.

The findings of this study show that there are 77 items which are categorized as sport jargon. They are categorized as compounding (25 items), clipping and ellipsis (18 items), multiple processes (14 items), conversion (3 items), derivation (10 items) and acronym/abbreviation (7 items). Compounding becomes the most prominent form of jargon in this study. The process of compounding is easily found in sport. Meanwhile, in terms of function, this study reveals that jargon is not randomly conducted. Yet, it serves some functions which are used to make an economical communication and to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers (who do not use jargon). The first function covers up to 90.90% of the data with 70 items. Then, the second function covers 9.09% with 7 items. In addition, understanding baseball technical terms is necessary to assist the reader in interpreting baseball jargon.

A. Background of the Study

Language can never be separated from human life. There is no action and interaction without language. Language is an instrument of communication. Without using language, people cannot communicate to each other. That is why language plays an important part of communication. People use language to convey their ideas, to grasp new facts, to answer question, and also to ask a question. A communication will be successfully delivered if the speakers and the listeners have knowledge about the things which are being talked about.

There are many languages in the world, for example, Bahasa Indonesia, English, French, German, Mandarin and etc. Every language has its specification in pronunciation, word, grammar, and the usage. Some countries such as China, Japan, Korea, Germany, France, Ukraine, and Russia, have special forms or letters. The differences of forms are influenced by the culture including history, environment, belief and even geography. In some places, verbal language is more preferable to use rather than written language. It is because people find that the verbal language is sometimes difficult to be written in alphabet.

All the differences do not change the function of language itself. They have a function as a communication means. People use their language which are spelled and pronounced in their own way to interact with each other.

Sometimes, in a society,there areseveral styles of language which are performed by people to communicate to each other. The styles are performed by a particular group of people. A particular group of people who use the same speech signal is called a speech community. Every membership of a community is signaled by sign. The membership can be identified by the language which is used. The words which are spoken by the members indicate the membership of one community. Therefore, people who do not belong to the group are difficult to understand. Some expressions are accessible only for the member of the group.

To make an effective or efficient communication, people make their own words or terms. In terms of effectiveness, people use several ways to mention long expressions. Deleting some parts of word or phrase, pronouncing the first initial letters and combining a set of words are the examples of making effective communication. In some cases, they can make new words or terms in order to prevent out-groupers know the conversation. It may occur in military field. The secret expressions are used to exclude out groupers or enemy.

In daily life, people often use some technical terms, for example the using of term Teflonrather than “frying pan”. Actually, Teflon is well known as a brand of kitchen equipment. However, to ease a conversation, people

change it. Holmes (1992: 245) says that language varies according to its uses as well as its users, according to where it is used and to whom, as well as according to who is using it. It relates with Chaika (1982: 8) who says that language is not static and it can change in some ways its speakers want it to, or need it to, and as soon as they wish.

By the time, language changes together with the need of speakers. One of the varieties of language is in term of jargon. Jargon is a language variety which is used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest, for example, lawyer, computer programmer, sport commentator, musician, and etc. All of them have special terms and expressions that may not easy to be understood by outsiders. Jargon is used by a group of people in a multilayer society.

One can find a lot of language varieties in society especially sport. Sport is highly characterized by jargon to reach the efficiency of communication. In sport field, jargon is often used to deliver complicated information in a simple or brief way. The word “Strike” in baseball means a player has failed to hit the ball. In the other fields, “Strike”has different meaning. Sometimes, it makes a misconception for people who do not belong to sport. They may translate the word to the literal meaning. Sport jargons have special interpretations. They attract the researcher to conduct this research.

Sport is one of the fields in which jargon has important role in the delivering and conveying some sport‟s actions. Then, baseball is one of the

sports in which jargon is applied. It is a competitive sport which very popular in North America, especially the United States. Baseball is a sport with many players and supported by fanatic spectators in a stadium. Thousandsof chair in the stadium are fulfilled by the spectators. Money Bal lis a sport-theme film. The film is starred by several famous actors, such as Brad Pitt, Jonah Hill, and Philip Seymour. The film is chosen as the object of this research because it contains baseball jargons. Unconsciously, jargon is used everyday in every occasion including sport.

B. Research Focus

In accordance with the background of the study above, the film contains phenomena of language which can be analyzed from the perspective of sociolinguistics.The film can be analyzed through the language varieties, such asjargon, register, and slang. Jargon mostly occurs in the dialogs. The characters in the film often speak in special terms to ease their communication. In term of jargon, the formation of jargon also can be identified by using word-formation processes. The processes are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, and multiple processes. The functions of jargon also can be analyzed since it can create meaning‟s misconception. Baseball‟s players often give some instructions or mention some actions in special terms. The special terms are only understood among the players and people who involve in baseball.

Besides the language varieties, the film also can be analyzed through language and gender analysis. The dialogs occur in the film contain some differences of the use of language among the characters since the use of language differs between men and women. Mostly, the characters in the film are dominated by men. The conversation among men also can be analyzed through the use of taboo language. Sometimes they express some terms which are uncommonly used by women.

However, to limit the scope of this research, the researcher chooses word-formation processes and the functions of jargon as the objectives of the research.

In accordance with the limitation, the formulations of the problems are as follows.

1. What are the word formation processes of sport jargon which is used by the characters in the Money Ball?

2. What are the functions of sport jargon which is used by the characters in the Money Ball?

C. Objectives of the Study

According to the formulation of the problems above, the objectives of the study are:

1. to analyze the word formation processes of sport jargon that occur in the Money Ball, and

D. Significance of the Study

This study hopefully can give contributions in the study of linguistics, especially in sociolinguistics. The significance of the study is as follows.

1. Forreaders in Yogyakarta State University, the results of the study are expected to enrich the knowledge about sociolinguistic phenomenon. 2. The results of this research are useful for students of English Language

and Literature Study Program as a reference in conducting researches related to sociolinguistics or language varieties,especiallyjargon.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter contains literature review and conceptual framework. Literature review contains theories and definitions which are used in this research. They are used as the basic concept of this research.

A. Literature Review 1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a study of language and society. According to Spolsky (1998: 3), sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relationship between language and society and between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. In line with Spolsky, Coulmas in Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller, (2001: 563) states that sociolinguistics is the empirical study of how language is used in society. He also says that sociolinguistics is an inter-disciplinary research which combines linguistics and sociological theories and methods. It has great significance to the variability of language, the multiplicity of language and language forms in society.

Language develops in society. Therefore, people in a society create their own terms to ease their communication. In other words, language is a product of society. Language develops together with the society itself. It

states that every language is a social product and every society constitutes itself through language.

Sociolinguistics is a study of relationship between language and society including the function of language in the society, where it is used, for whom it is used and when it is used. Holmes (1992: 1) says that sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society. They identify the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. They also explain why people speak differently in different social context.

Eddy : What‟s wrong, man?

John : The old bastard makes me crazy in the class. Damn!

Eddy : Hey, husshh! He‟s here. Eddy : Oh! Hope he didn‟t hear that.

In the conversation above, John hopes that his teacher doesn't hear his conversation. It means that, sometimes people speak differently in different situation. John‟s word “Bastard” is the example of informal language which is used among John‟s friends. “Bastard” is an informal expression of unpleasant person. They create their own words which are related to their interest, context or situation. It relates with Deumert et al (2000: 5-6). They use word “denotational”. It is a term which refers to the process of conveying meaning, referring to ideas, events or entities that exist outside language. He says that language is not just denotational. People often show their social and personal background while using language. The use of language depends on one‟s social class, status, region, origin, gender, age group and so on. The

conversation above shows that sociolinguistics has an important role in our daily life.

Chaika (1982: 2) defines sociolinguistics as the study of how people use language in social interaction. He says that sociolinguists investigates language phenomenon in everyday life, such as how people talk to strangers as well as to their friends, family and teachers and why we speak as we do and they speak as they do. Furthermore, he also says that sociolinguistics apparently concerns with trivial matters. However, sociolinguistics is different from sociology of language. Hudson in Wardhaugh (1998: 13) describes sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society, whereas the sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language.

2. Language and Society

Chaika (1982: 1) states that language and society have connectivity. It is impossible to understand one without the other. She says that there is no human society which does not depend on, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language. In the next page Chaika (1982: 2) says that social institution is maintained by language, such as law, religion, government, education until family. Furthermore, she says that language is used to reveal or conceal our personal identity, our character and our background. Paulston and Tucker (2003: 231) say that language is used as a marker of social identity and group of membership. Various aspects of language spread among the members and

Wardhaugh (1998: 10) explains that there are several possible relationships between language and society. One of the relationships is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistics structure and/or behavior. The certain evidence which is mentioned by Wardhaugh is age-grading phenomenon. Children speak and behave differently than adults. The varieties of language, the ways of speaking and choices of words are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements, regional, social and gender.

Sociolinguistics focuses not only on terms of language and society, but also culture since it plays an important part in society. Therefore, society and human behavior indirectly are created by culture. Wardhaugh (1998: 215) says that the exact nature of the relationship between language and culture has fascinated people from a wide variety of backgrounds. According to Whorfian Hypothesis in Wardhaugh (1998: 216), the relationship between language and culture is that the structure of a language determines the way in which speaker of that language views the world. Furthermore, Sapir in Wardhaugh (1998: 216) acknowledges that language and culture are inextricably related to each other. So, one could not understand or appreciate one of them without other knowledge.

3. Language Variety

In this research, the researcher analyses variety of language which occurs in sport. Language variety is one of the object studies of sociolinguistics. According to Coupland (2007: 4), the definitions of

social context‟ and some definitions focus on studying linguistic diversity or language variation. Sociolinguistics focuses on the diversity of language that happens in society.

Hudson in Wardhaugh (1998: 21) says that the variety of language is a set of linguistic items with similar distributions. The definition allows us to say that English, French, London English and English of football commentaries are varieties. Hudson and Ferguson in Wardhaugh (1998: 21) agree that variety is defined in term of a specific set of linguistic items or it is defined as human speech pattern. The variety associates with some external factors, such as geographical area or social group.

Social group is one of the factors which can cause variation. People who belong to certain group have certain language. At least, they use certain terms. Wardhaugh mentions football commentator as the one of the examples of people who use variation. Several terms, such as goal-kick, penalty-kick, and throw-in are commonly used in football match. People who do not belong to football may not understand the terms. The terms often make misconception when determining the intent. Hymes in Chaika (1982: 121) describes that there are two ways where speech function can be mismatched to the participants in the speech event. First, the intent is understood but not the actual word. Second, the words are understood by themselves but not the intent. The second often happens. In a certain event, such as news (sport, crime, science, etc), one often find several technical terms. The actual or literal meaning is definitely understood rather than the intent. In this case, the

technical terms refer to varieties of language. The varieties are used to ease human conversation. There are varieties of language which occur in society, such as style, register, slang, and jargon. The varieties of language are as follows:

a. Style

Holmes uses term „style‟ in his book (1992: 276). It refers to language variation which reflects change in situational factors, such as addressee, setting, task, or topic. He says that style is often analyzed in scale of formality. Style is similar to register. So, some linguists describe style as „register‟ variation. However, register is distinguished from style. The distinction between style and register is not always clear and many sociolinguists simply ignore it. Coupland (2007: 9) says that the term „style‟ has different histories in sociolinguistics and in other fields. In sociolinguistics, style has been a very limited concept and a peripheral concern. According to Chaika (1982: 29), style refers to the selection of linguistic forms which is used to convey social artistic effects. Furthermore, Chaika (1982: 38) also states that style which is associated with a particular social occasion is called register or functional variety of speech.

b. Register

Register, according to Wardhaugh (1998: 48), is another complicating factor in study of language varieties beside style. Register is a set of language items which is associated with occupation or social groups. Every profession, such as pilot, bank manager, musician, sales clerk, and sport commentator

employ different registers. Holmes (1992: 277) says that people when talk about sporting event usually use different language. Register also involves features, such as syntactic reduction and inversion of normal word order in sentence.

Holmes (1922: 277-8), gives two examples of register of sport commentary in a baseball or cricket match. The examples are as follows. Example 1:

a. [it] bounced to second base b. [it‟s] a breaking ball outside

c. [He‟s a] guy who‟s a pressure player d. McCatty [is] in difficuly

e. Tucker [is] taking a few ah stuttering steps down the wicker from the bowler‟s end but Waugh [is] sending him back

Example 2:

a. In comes Ghouri

b. And all set again is Patt Haden c. On deck is big Dave Winfield

d. Pete goes to right field and back for it goes Jackson

The Example 1 shows the syntactic reduction of register. The commentator often omits the subject noun or pronoun as in [a], and frequently omits the verb be as well as utterances [b] and [c] illustrate. Be in utterance [d] and [e] are omitted. Although the commentators omit them, people still get the meaning of the commentaries. Holmes says that there is no loss of meaning as a result of this syntactic reduction. The omitted elements are totally predictable in the context. In the Example 2, there are inversions of the normal word order. The commentator focuses on the action or activity.

c. Slang

Slang, according to Yule (2010: 259), is more typically used among those who are outside established higher-status group. Sometimes it is used by younger speaker. Slang consists of words or phrases. Slang is commonly used by people with close relationship in informal occasion. People usually do not use slang to stranger or in formal occasion. Yet, it is possible to use slang in formal occasion to attract audience attention or to make closeness between them. Yule says that slang is like clothing and music. It is an aspect of social life that has function like fashion, especially among adolescents. In its usage, slang contains impolite or taboo terms. Age usually influences the use of slang. The use of slang greatly differs between young and old people. Young people often use more taboo terms.

Yule gives some examples of taboo terms. The adolescents prefer to use “awesome”, “rad”and “wicked” rather than “groovy”, “hip” and “super” to refer to “really good”. Even, they usually use “that’s suck” rather than “so bad”.

d. Jargon

Jargon is one of language varieties. It contains technical terms. Social institutions, communities or groups engage jargon regularly. Chaika (1982: 120) defines jargons as varieties of language which are created for specific functions by people who engage in them regularly. She also says that jargon is similar to mini dialect. Both of them are used only for the activity in which

they are created. Moreover, she says that jargon develops rapidly and it depends on personal and social needs of the speakers. Jargon is one of the factors of language change.

In line with Chaika, Allan and Burridge (2006: 65) define jargon as a variety of language which is used among people who have similar interest. Yule (2010: 259) states that jargon is special technical vocabulary which is associated with a specific area of work or interest. In society, he says that jargon helps to create and maintain connections among those who called themselves as “insiders” and to exclude “outsiders.”

People often use jargon to deliver their purpose. Unconsciously, jargon is used every day in any human activity. Sport is one of the activities in which the players use jargon regularly. Several sport terms, such as goal-kick, free-kick, penalty-free-kick, pitcher, and bat are the examples of jargon. Sometimes we find them in a conversation among sport commentators or we find them in sport news. Jargon is created to fill the limitation of word or term which is difficult to be described or too long to be mentioned. However, jargon relates to a society. It is used among particular group of people. Allan and Burridge (2006: 56) describe that jargon is more than just lexical differences. They often differ grammatically, and sometimes phonologically or typographically. Macquarie Dictionary in Allan and Burridge (2006: 56) describes that jargon is a peculiar language to a trade, profession or other groups. Jargon is the language which is used in a spoken or written text. It relates to the particular area in which speakers share a common specialized vocabulary, habits and

expression. Jargon has an important role in social interaction. It cannot be separated from society. As a producer of language, society influences human behavior.

1) Word Formation Processes of Jargon

Yule (2010: 53) says that language is shaped by the needs of its users. Jargon is created when people find a limitation of vocabulary. People often create their own terms to ease their conversation. Sometimes, there are long terms, such as Association of South East Asian Nations and Federation Internationale de Football Association which are too long to be mentioned. People create the short form in order to ease and make economical communication. They use abbreviation or acronym form to mention the long terms. Meanwhile, not only abbreviation and acronym, they also create the short terms in some processes, such as compounding, blending, and clipping.

Word-formation processes have an important role to determine the processes of creating technical terms. The processes create new terms which are used by speakers who cannot convey their purpose in ordinary words. In this research, word-formation processes are used as the strategy to analyze the processes of creating the jargon. Jargon consists of words and phrases. Its usage often makes a misconception. People sometimes find two words which are combined and spoken as a single word. Morley (2000: 26) says that word is the basic unit of syntax. Compound words, such as homerun, birthday or sunshine are still individual units. However, the position is complicated. Some expressions are written as a single, for example, airlock, air-lock, or air

lock. They have different meaning. It shows that the processes of creating the jargon are influenced by word-formation processes.

Yule (2010: 52-3) gives an example of an invention of word. In 1900s, J. Murray Spangler invented a device which was called electric suction sweeper. It became very popular and known as Spangler. One day, Mr. Spangler sold his new invention to a local businessman, named Mr. William H. Hoover. Hoover Suction Sweeper Company produced the first machine called Hoover. Now, it‟s known as vacuum cleaner all around the world, although in Britain, people still use word hoovering rather than spanglering.

In this case, word-formation processes indirectly become the important parts of language. They play as the bridge in inventing new words. The processes can change the pattern of word and even change the meaning. Hoover is a person‟s name, but it is used as the name of a product. Sometimes the new word itself is only understood by particular group of people, for example, hoover, spangler,klenex, kodak, blackbox, etc. Moreover, if we have lack of knowledge, we cannot get the meaning. As a universal language, English also adopts some languages from other countries, such as France, Italy, German, Hindi, and Arab. Terms, such as algebra, piano, sofa, and yoghurt are borrowed from other countries.

Understanding the processes of creating jargon is very important. It is aimed to give the description and deep understanding of how a word or phrase is produced. A word or phrase can be modified and combined to get the new form of that word or phrase. The phenomenon of new word‟s

invention and figuration are described through the processes. Word-formation processes according to Yule (2010: 53-60) are as follows:

a) Coinage

Coinage is one of the common processes of word-formation in English. It produces new terms. One often calls something by the name of its brand, for example, Aspirin, Nylon, Vaseline, Zipper, Kodak, Teflon, Kleenex, and Kevlar. Basically, they are brands which are used as the name of its product. In some cases, the name of place or person develops as the name of a product. This kind of coinage is called Eponym. The common eponym, such as Volt, is taken from its inventor, Alesandro Volta (Italy). Fahrenheit is taken from its inventor, Gabriel Fahrenheit (Germany), and Jeans is taken from the name of city in Italy (Genoa) at which that kind of cloth was made for the first time. b) Borrowing

One of the most common sources of new words in English is borrowing. Borrowing is a process of adopting some words from other languages. Yule says that throughout its history, English has adopted a vast number of words from other languages, including croissant (French), dope (Dutch), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arabic), tattoo (Tahitian), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish) and zebra (Bantu). However, some languages also borrow English terms, such as Japan with suupaa or suupaamaaketto (supermarket) and taipuraitaa(typewriter). In some cases, English also directly translates literally foreign term. This kind of borrowing

is called Calque, for example, wolkenkrabber (Dutch) in English is “cloud scratcher”, and wolkenkratzer(Germany) in English is “cloud scraper”. c) Compounding

Yule (2010: 55) says that compounding is a process of joining two separates words to produce a single form without any reduction. Sometimes the words which are joined consist of two different classes, for example, fast (adjective) and food (noun) become fast-food. It has new term and meaning. Another common term is full (adjective) and time (noun) become full-time. It also happens to the same class of word, such as book (noun) and case (noun) becomes bookcase, then wall (noun) and paper (noun) become wallpaper. One can find those terms in some fields, including advertisement and sport. Compounding commonly happens in English and German, and less common in French and Spanish.

d) Blending

Blending is a combination of two separate forms to produce a new single term. Yule says (2010: 55) that it is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word, for example, Smog. It is a new term from smoke and fog. Then, Brunch is a new term from breakfast and lunch. Infotainment (information and entertainment), Simulcast (simulation- broadcast), and Modem (modulator-demodulator) are the other common examples of blending.

e) Clipping and Ellipsis

Clipping, according to Yule (2010: 56), occurs when a word (which has more than one syllable) is reduced to a shorter form, usually the beginning. Clipping eliminates the initial part, the last part, or both parts of the word, for example, Fax is the reduction from Facsimile. Ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo (condominium), fan (fanatic) and flu (influenza) are the common examples of clipping. People use form Gasoline, but sometimes they also use form gas.

Sometimes people must have an educational knowledge to understand the meaning of clipping form. Gym, lab, sci, math, prof, or chem are the examples of clipping which are taken from formal educational field. English speaker sometimes clip the other‟s names, such as Liz, Ed, Tom, Mike, Sam, Sue, Ron and so on. In British-English countries, such as Britain and Australia, there is a type of clipping which is called Hypocorisms. In this type of clipping, a multi-syllable word is reduced to a single syllable then “y” or “ie” is added in the end of that word, for example, movie (moving pictures) and brekky (breakfast). Even, they use term Aussie for Australian.

Clipping occurs only in word. Yet, the omission also can be found in a clause and phrase. It is called ellipsis. According to Morley (2000: 15), people can omit the particular elements of clause and phrase which he/she considers to be recoverable from the earlier part of the clause and phrase. Young and Fitzgerald (2006: 108) state that ellipsis is the omission of certain words or phrases. It enables speakers or writers to omit words or phrases that

can be retrieved by listeners or readers from the surrounding clause. Word third in baseball has several meanings. According to the context at which the speaker speaks, the word can refer to third base, third baseman, third inning or third ball. The meaning of the ellipsis part is still understood by the listener, as long as the listener understand the context.

f) Backformation

According to Yule (2010: 56), it is a type of reductions of word. It happens when a word (usually noun) is reduced to another type of words (usually verb), for example, donate is backformation from donation, emote is taken from emotion, enthuse from enthusiasm, liaise from liaison and babysit from babysitter.

g) Conversion

It can change the class of word and produces a new form of word without any reduction. Yule (2010: 57) defines that conversion is a change in the function of a word, for example, when a noun is used as a verb (without any reduction). Usually it is called as functional shift or category change. Through this process, noun can be used as verb. Word bottle is used as verb in We bottled the home-brew last night. Another common example is water in We are watering the garden. In some cases, verb also can be used as noun. Common words, such as spy, guess, and must are classified as verb. However, they are also can be used as noun, such as a spy, a guess, and a must.

Conversion also occurs in phrasal verbs, such as to print out and to take over become noun a printout and a takeover. Phrasal verb stand up becomes

adjective in stand-up comedian. Other common forms are up and down, which are used as verb in They’re going to up the price of oil and We downed a few beers at the chimes. Yule (2010: 55) also says that conversion is particularly productive in modern English.

h) Acronym

According to Yule (2010: 58), acronym is new word which is formed from the initial letters of a set of mother words. They are pronounced as a new single word. It is used in particular occupation, organization and political field. Some organizations design their names in form of acronym, for example, NATO, NASA, and UNICEF. These examples keep their capital letters, but many acronyms simply become everyday terms, such as laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging), and scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). In some cases, acronym can be pronounced as its letters, such as CD (Compact Disc) and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). This kind of acronym is called abbreviation.

i) Derivation

The most common word-formation in English is derivation. Yule (2010: 58) says that it is a process when the meaning of word changes if a number of small “bits” are added in the beginning or in the end of that word. Yule uses word “bits” which is described as affixes. Generally, there are three kinds of affixes. They are prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.

First, affixes which are added in the beginning of word called prefix, such as un-, dis-, re-, in-/im- and mis- . The simple example of prefix is happy becomes unhappy (adjective). It does not change the type of word but it changes the meaning (not happy). Second, affixes which are added in the end of word is called suffix, such as -er, -ly, ism and –ish. The common examples are worker, finally, terrorism, and foolish. The type of word changes following the suffixes. In some cases, one can find a word with prefix and suffix, for example, disrespectful. Third is infix. It‟s a type of affix that is not normally used in English, but found in some other languages. It is an affix which is incorporated inside word. Infix is often found in Bahasa Indonesia. Word gerigi is an example of infix in Bahasa Indonesia.

j) Multiple Processes

According to Yule (2010: 60), it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process in the creation of word. The word snowball is a product of compounding. It consists of snow and ball. Actually snowball is a noun, but it can be a verb in “Problems with the project have snowballed”. The last word has changed through multiple processes of compounding and conversion. 2) Functions of jargon

According to Allan and Burridge (2006: 58), jargon is manifested in written language, for example, the form and structure of birth and death notices, parliamentary and legal documents, recipes, poems, stock-market reports, and also in spoken language, such as sport commentaries. Directly,

people use jargon to ease their activities. Allan and Burridge (2006: 58) identify two functions of jargon. The functions of jargon are as follows:

a) to serve as a technical/specialist language for precise and economical communication, and

b) to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers, those who do not use the jargon.

The first function of jargon shows that jargon is used for making economical and effectiveness of communication. The technical or specialist terms, which are used in baseball, are created in term of jargon. Word homerun in baseball has a function to describe a certain situation. The situation is too long to be mentioned in a baseball match. Therefore, people create their own termsor jargons which belong to baseball. The second function of jargon is used to show the solidarity among those who use jargon. Usualy, people who engage jargon regularly have closeness one and another. They often show their closeness and solidarity by using verbal language. The second function of jargon also show that by using jargon people can exclude the out-groupers, those who do not use the jargon. This function is often found in military. The military jargons are used to exclude the out-groupers or enemy.

4. Money Ball

Money Ball was an American sport movie drama that was released in 2011. It was directed by Bennett Miller. The movie was based on Michael Lewis‟ (2003) non-fiction book with the same name. The film was starred by Brad Pitt, Jonah Hill, and Philip Seymour. It was a true story about Oakland

Athletics baseball team in 2002 with their general manager, Billy Bean. The film correlated to jargon since it was sport-themed film which contained baseball jargons and baseball technical terms.

Oakland Athletics was an American baseball team which played in MLB (Major League Baseball) west division. Oakland faced internal problems and financial crisis. Billy Bean (Brad Pitt) was the General Manager of the team. He was on the bewildering situation because of the departure of his stars Johnny Damon, Jason Giambi, and Jason Isringhausen. In another hand, Beane was building a competitive team for season 2002. Unfortunately, he was also bewildered by Oakland's financial policy. He faced a reality that his team, with low financial, could not compete with the other rich teams. They cannot buy talented players with their money.

At the time, Beane met Peter Brand (Jonah Hill), a young Yale economics graduated with radical ideas about players' value. He analyzed the stamina, ability statistics and players‟ records to get the value. He gave suggestion and consideration to Bean in recruiting new players with less money. Finally, with a big consideration, they decided to buy some low-rating players. Slow but sure, Bean tried to build his team.

One day, in a game against Kansas City Royal, Beane did not come to the ballpark. He was on the way to back home. He decided to follow the match from a radio in a gym. When he heard how well the game was going on the radio, he decided to back to the ballpark. Beane arrived in the fourth inning. Finally, the team won, on a walk-off home run by Hatteberg. Finally

Oakland had a chance to play on the playoff (in post-season). Unfortunately, the team loosed in a game against Minnesota Twins in the postseason. At the time, Bean was disappointed.

He also contacted by the owner of the Boston Red Sox, who realized that the sabermetric model was the future of baseball, and they offered him a job as their general manager. Beane rejected it, despite an offer of a $12.5 million salary would make him as the highest-paid general manager in sport history. He stayed in Oakland, while two years later the Red Sox Boston won the 2004 World Series by using the model which was pioneered by the Oakland Athletics.

5. Related studies

This research was inspired by some related studies which were conducted before. The studies were conducted by students of English Education Department of Yogyakarta State University. They investigated sociolinguistics, especially language variety. The analysis of the related studies had some similarities. Meanwhile, they had different subject. The objectives in the related studies were also similar to this research, but they had different table of analysis and the object of the research.

The first related study was entitled An Analysis of Military Jargon on a Video Game: Call of Duty 4 Modern Warfare by Aditya Eko Sigit Wicaksono. This research analyzed the forms, functions, and the meaning of jargon in the video game. In collecting the data, the researcher played the video game then analyzed the jargons which were performed. The game was

about military war. The second related study was Analysis of Computer

Jargon in Macbook Users’ Guide by Laila Putri. This research also analyzed the functions and forms of jargon in Macbook Users‟ Guide. Its researcher also described the meaning and identified the type of meaning in terms of word-relation of jargon in Macbook Users‟ Guide associated with IT.

B. Conceptual Framework

This research is aimed to investigate the functions and the figuration of jargon in the film Money Ball. Sociolinguistics conducts this research since the study concerns with language and society. To describe and answer the problems, researcher uses Yule‟s explanation of word-formation processes. The word-formation processes are linked to the figuration of jargon. There are ten processes of word-formation.

First is coinage. It is a process which allows us to mention something by the name of its brand or name of its inventor, such as Aspirin, Nylon, Vaselin, Teflon, Volt, Fahrenheit and Jeans. Second is borrowing. It is a process of adopting word from other languages, such as croissant (France), dope (Ducth), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arabic), and yoghurt (Turkish). Third is compounding. Compounding is a process of joining two separated words to produce a single form without any reductions, for example, fast (adjective) and food (noun) become fastfood. Fourth is blending. It is a combination of two separated forms to produce a new single term. It is accomplished by taking only the beginning part of one word and join it with the last part of another word, for example, smog (from smoke and fog).

Fifth is clipping. It occurs when a word (more than one syllable) or phrase is reduced to a shorter form, for example, facsimile is reduced to fax. Sixth is backformation. It happens when a type of word (usually a noun) is reduced to a shorter form followed by the change of the type of word (usually a verb), for example donate is backformation from donation. Seventh is conversion. It can change the class of word and produces a new term of word without any reduction. Noun can be used as verb, for example, word “bottle” that is used as verb in “we bottled the home-brew last night”. Eighth is acronym. It‟s a new word which is formed by the initial letter of set of mother words, for example, NASA, NATO, and UNICEF. Acronym also can be pronounced by each letter, such as CD from CompactDisk. This kind of acronym is called abbreviation. Ninth is derivation. It happens when the meaning of word changes if affixes are added in the beginning or in the end of that word. Finally, unhappy, and foolish are the common examples of derivation. The last one is multiple processes. It is possible to trace the operation of more than one process in the creation of word. Word “snowball” in problems with the project have snowballed has change through multiple processes of compounding and derivation. Word snowball above is no longer used as noun, but as a verb.

The researcher also uses Allan and Burridge explanation to classify the functions of jargon. There are two function of jargon. The first is to serve as a technical/specialist language for precise and economical communication. The second is to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers, those who

do not use jargon. In this research, the researcher constructs a conceptual framework which is based on the literature review and theories.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Type of Study

This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The qualitative method served descriptive data. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 7), a qualitative research is used to produce narrative or textual description of the phenomena under the study. This method emphasizes on process and description which are not examined or measured in term of quantity. Sugiyono (2012: 24) says that qualitative method is used to understand the deep meaning which cannot be described in quantitative method. In this research, a qualitative design was used to describe the word formation processes of jargon and the functions of jargon in Money Ball.

Moreover, to support the research, the researcher also used a quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis was used to count the percentage of occurrences of the data. It is used to ensure that the data measurement is precise.

B. Research Instrument

In this research,the primary instrument was the researcher itself. Sugiyono (2012: 222) describes that in a qualitative research, the key instrument is the researcher itself. He also says that a researcher acts as the human instrument, which has the function to decide the focus of the research, the source

of the data, the process of collecting the data, analyzing the data, interpreting the data, and making the conclusion. Furthermore, to support data analysis, the researcher also used a secondary instrument. The secondary instrument was a data sheet which was used to collect the data from the dialogues of Money Ball.

C. Form, Context and Source of Data

According to Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong (2001: 3) qualitative research is a research which produces descriptive data including written and spoken words and behavior. The data of this research were in the form of words and phrases which were taken from the film Money Ball. The context of the data was the dialogues/conversations performed by the characters in the movie. The data were taken from the movie, entitled Money Ball.

According to Denscombe (2007: 289), the data of qualitative research can be taken from fieldwork notes, interview transcript, texts, photographs, etc. The source of the data was taken from the transcript of the film. The transcript was taken from

http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=MoneyBall D. Techniques of Data Collection

Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 189) state that there are several techniques in collecting data, such as interview, ethnographic observation, analysis of documents, and visual analysis. The steps of collecting the data were:

1. watching the film Money Ball as the primary source of data, 2. retrieving the script as the secondary source of data from

3. checking the accuracy between the film and the script, 4. re-watching the film to find the relevant data,

5. collecting the data which reflected sport jargon, and

6. classifying the data which were in accordance with the objectives of this study into the data sheet.

E. Techniques of Data Analysis

Steinbeck in Sugiyono (2012: 244) states that data analysis is an an important aspect to the qualitative research process. It is a recognition, study and understanding of the research concept. In a qualitative research, the data can be obtained from various sources. The data are arranged systematically. Bogdan in Sugiyono (2012: 244) states that data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging accumulated data to increase the researcher‟s understanding. The steps of the data analysis were mentioned in the following.

1. First, the researcher collected the data. After that, the collected data would be transferred systematically into a categorization process which was drawn to a table. The table was used to categorize the word

formation processes and the functions of jargon. The format of the data sheet was illustrated in the table below.

Table 1. The example of Data Sheet ofA Sociolinguistics Analysis of Baseball Jargon in Money Ball Movie

No Code Dialogue Functions Word Formation Processes Explanation

F1 F2 Co Br Com Bl Cl-El

Bf Con Acr Der M P

1 JM1/F1 / Con

Announcer : He had four

hits in the series opener.

  The word hit

is used as noun in this sentence. Four hits means four time successful of hitting ball. Note:

F1 : It is the function of jargon as a technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication. F2 : It is the function of jargon which is used to promote in-

group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers (those who do not use jargon).

JM : Jargon in Money Ball Co : Coinage

Br : Borrowing Com : Compounding Bl : Blending

Cl-El : Clipping and Ellipsis Bf : Backformation Con : Conversion Acr : Acronym Der : Derivation

MP : Multiple Processes

2. Second, the data were classified in the data sheet based on the

classification of the two objectives of the study through the characters dialogues in the film transcript.

3. Third, jargons which were uttered by the characters in the film were described in order to answer the formulation of the problem.

4. Fourth, the trustworthiness of the data was checked during the process of data analysis.

5. Finally, the conclusion of the research was made based on the result of the research.

F. Data Trustworthiness

In qualitative research, Sugiyono (2012: 268) says that the validity of data depends on the correlation between the report and actual phenomenon. The data are valid if the report and actual phenomena are same. Sugiyono (2012: 270) states that the validity of the data in a qualitative research includes credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. In line with Sugiyono, Moelong (2002: 173-5) states that credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability are the criteria to check the validity of the data.

In this research, to deal with credibility of the data, the researcher presented deep and detail information of the data so that the data could be considered credible. To check the dependability, the researcher read and re-read the data, examined the process of data collection and data analysis by matching the research questions with the results of data collection. In conformability, the researcher checked whether the data findings and the interpretation were truly based on the obtained data or not. The researcher used triangulation technique to achieve the conformability by consulting the data to two supervisors. This data was also triangulated by two students of Yogyakarta State University. The first

student is a student of English Language and Literature study program majoring in linguistics in order to minimize the subjectivity of the data. The second student is a student of Communication Study from Faculty of Social Science of Yogyakarta State University. The second student is also an athlete of baseball who played in PON 2016 West Java.

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is research findings. It presents the word formation processes of jargon which are obtained from the Money Ball‟s characters. The findings are presented in a table analysis. The table analysis consists of frequencies of word formation processes and functions of jargon. The second section contains brief explanations of the research findings. In this section the findings are deeply discussed by presenting some examples of the data.

A. Research Findings

The findings are presented in the form of a table. The table shows the frequency and percentage of jargon‟s occurrence. In accordance with the findings, the first objective of this research is to analyze the word formation processes of jargon. The forms of jargon are presented in the table. The second objective is to describe the functions of sport jargon. It is also presented in the table. The following table presents the findings of the forms and functions of the sport jargon in Miller‟s Money Ball the movie.

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Word Formation Processes and Functions of Baseball Jargon in Money Ball movie

No

Word Formation Processes

Functions of Jargon

Frequency Percentage

F 1 F 2

1 Coinage 0 0 0 0

2 Borrowing 0 0 0 0

3 Compounding 25 0 25 32.46%

4 Blending 0 0 0 0

5

Clipping and Ellipsis

13 5 18 23.37%

6 Backformation 0 0 0 0

7 Conversion 3 0 3 3.89%

8

Acronym and abbreviation

7 0 7 9.09%

9 Derivation 10 0 10 11.68%

10

Multiple Processes

12 2 14 19.48%

Total items 70 Items 7 Items 77

Items 100% 90.90% 9.09%

Notes:

F1 : To serve as a technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication

Table 2 shows that there are total 77 sport jargons which were taken from the movie. It also shows the frequency and percentage of sport jargon. According to the table, there are 10 forms of jargon. However, there are only six forms which are identified. They are compounding, clipping and ellipsis, multiple processes, conversion, derivation and acronym and abreviation. The table also shows the frequency and percentage of jargon‟s functions.

In the word formation processes of jargon, compounding becomes the most prominent form with 32.46%. It means that compounding occurs 25 times out of 77. The second prominent is clipping-ellipsis with the percentage of 23.37%. Clipping and ellipsis occur 18 times in this research. The third rank is multiple processes with 19.48% of percentage or 15 times occur in this research. The fourth is derivation with the percentage is 11.68% or 9 times out of 77. The fifth rank is acronym-abreviation with the percentage is 9.09% or 7 times out of 77. The last rank is conversion. It has percentage 3.89% with 3 items. Meanwhile, coinage, borrowing, blending and backformation are not found in the research. They do not have the number of frequency and percentage.

The table also shows that 70 items have function as technical or specialist language for precise and economical communication. Whereas, 7 items of the data are used to promote in-group solidarity and to exclude out-groupers who do not use the jargon. Since baseball jargons are used as technical language, the first function becomes the most prominent function in this research. The movie‟s characters often use technical language to make an efficient

communication, including the commentators and announcers. Sport commentators or announcers perform jargon rapidly to describe activities or moments that happen in the game. The data which are identified as second function show the closeness, relationship and sentiment of the characters. They use technical terms to show their solidarity rather than to exclude the out-groupers.

B. Discussion

In this section, the researcher describes, explains and answers the questions based on the research findings and the formulation of problems in chapter one. The explanation is also based on the related theories which are previously described in chapter two. This section is divided into two parts. The first is analysis of jargon‟s forms and the second part is analysis of jargon‟s functions. The explanations in this section also serve the example of the data.

a. Word Formation Processes of Jargon

The first objective deals with word formation processes. There are 10 processes. They are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and abbreviation, derivation and multiple processes. Yet, the researcher only can find six processes in this research. The discussion is presented below.

a. Compounding

As displayed in Table 2, compounding is the most prominent form of jargon performed in film Money Ball. Compounding is a process of combining two or more words to produce a single word with a new meaning without any reduction. Sport terms are often produced in this process. In this research, there are 25 out of 77 items which are classified as compounding. The findings show that the percentage of this form is 32.46%. This percentage is the highest among all percentages. Baseball jargons in term of compounding are often used by the characters. They are easily found in the movie. Compounding occurs in the dialogue below.

Billy : Can he hit?

Keough : He's got a beautiful swing. The ball explodes off

his bat. He throws the club head at the ball, and when he connects, he drives it, it pops off the bat. You can hear it all over the ballpark.

(JM16/F1/Com) The dialogue above happens when Billy and all Oakland Athletics' staff managers are meeting in a room. They are discussing about buying some players. They give their arguments about players who deserve to replace Giambi and Isringhausen position. Keough, one of the staffs, suggests team to buy Geronimo. He says that Geronimo has all that are needed by the club and he believes that Geronimo can crowd the ballpark. The word “ballpark” is another term of “stadium”. The word actually consists of two words. They are “ball” and “park”. Both have their own meaning. Separately, they have different meaning from the word “ballpark”. According to Oxford Dictionary, ball is a round object which is used for throwing, hitting or kicking in games

and sports. Ball is also classified as a round object or a thing that has been formed into a round shape. Whereas, park is an area of public land in a town or a city where people go to walk, play and relax. American people use term ballpark or park to refer to a piece of land for playing sport, especially baseball. Ballpark is uncommonly used in Britain and other countries except America. In Indonesia, people prefer to use term “stadium”.

Compounding happens when two words are joined without any reduction to produce a new single word with new meaning. The words can be in same class (noun with noun) or different class (noun with verb or adverb). The word “ball” is joined with the word “park” and produce word “ballpark”. Ball and park are classified as noun. Yet, they can be joined through this process. The following datum is also explained as the example of compounding.

Billy : Okay good. What‟s the problem?

Grady : The problem is we have to replace three key players in our lineup.

(JM19/F1/Com) The dialogue still occurs in the meeting. Billy asks everybody in the room, who do not understand the problem, about resolving the problem. The dialogue above contains the term of compounding. The word “lineup” is a compound word from word “line” and “up”. They have different meaning. One cannot get the meaning clearly if they are understood separately. Lineup is a term that is usually used to refer to the players who are brought by coach in a match. On the other hand, separately the word “line” means a long thin mark on the ground that is used to show the limit or border of something. Whereas, “up” according to Oxford Dictionary, is a word which has many

functions. It can be an adverb, preposition, adjective, verb or noun. Functionally, word “up” is often used in phrasal verb.

The word “lineup” is often used in sport to refer to players in a team. A baseball lineup usually consists of 15 until 18 players. 9 players are the starting and the others are reliever or substitution players. Based on the position, starting players are divided into three. They are infielder, outfielder and battery. However, infielder is also divided into first baseman, second baseman, third baseman and shortstop. Outfielder is divided into left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. Then battery is pitcher and catcher. Each team must announce the Batting Order. Player who plays at bat for the first until ninth is listed in the Batting Order. The list cannot be changed during the match. If a player in the batting order unfortunately has injured during the match, he can be replaced by substitution player. However, the substitution player plays for hitting and running only, appropriated to the injured player‟s position. A substitution player who plays for hitting is called pinch hitter. Then, who plays for running is called pinch runner. A pinch hitter is responsible for hitting and running to first base. After he successfully reaches first base, he must be replaced by the original batter (based to the batting order list). The starting pitcher also can be changed by relieve pitcher. His duty is the same as the starting pitcher.

In sport, jargons in term of compounding are easily found. Another example of compounding is explained bellow.

Billy : What‟s the problem Barry?

Barry : We need 38 homeruns, 27 RBIs and 47 doubles to replace...

(JM20/F1/Com) Billy does not get the answer. Then he asks Barry. Barry says that the team needs 38 homeruns. The word “homerun” has ambiguous meaning if it is not used in baseball. It consists of “home” (noun) and “run” (verb). The word “homerun” cannot be understood separately. Home is a place which we live in. Whereas, run is an activity of using our legs. If they are joined without any reduction, the meaning automatically change.

In sport, especially baseball, homerun refers to a chance for running back to home-base without any obstruction. If the batter hits the ball strongly toward tribune or outside of the park, which cannot be caught by outfielders, he and the runners at first, second and third base are allowed to run to home-base without any obstruction. The higher point for a homerun is 4. It happens when the batter successfully hits for a homerun and all bases are loaded by runners. The batter and the three runners, who run back to home-base, are valued 4 points.

Compounding dominates the findings of this research since the research‟s theme relates to sport. In sport, the process of joining word often happens. Technical terms which are produced by compounding process help us to describe the action or activity in sport. The first word which is joined usually indicates the adjective. It gives certain information to the second one. The common technical terms, such as baseman, curveball, fastball and home-base are the examples of compounding which are performed in baseball. Baseman

is a player who keeps a base, curveball means the pitched ball with curve direction, fastball is the ball which is pitched by the pitcher quickly and strongly, and home-base is the place at which the offensive team stands. b. Clipping and Ellipsis

Clipping and ellipsis become the second most prominent process in this research. There are 18 out of 77 items which are identified as clipping. The findings show that clipping has percentage 23.376%. Clipping is process of word‟s reduction. Whereas, ellipsis is a process of omitting a part or some parts of clause or phrase that too long to be mentioned. In this research, ellipsis is also found in the movie. The example of ellipsis is explained below.

Announcer 1: Bases loaded. The Yankees have the tying run at second, down 2-nothing!

(JM11/F1/Cl-El) The dialogue above contains ellipsis word. The announcers or sport commentators usually use ellipsis word to make an economical communication. They may use the first part or sometimes the second part of a technical term. Word “second” does not have any clear meaning. It is sometimes used as adjective or works as informant for the second word. According to Oxford Dictionary, the word “second” is used as determiner and ordinal number. Yet, if it is preceded by preposition, such as “at”, the word “second” can be accepted meaningful. In the dialogue above, it refers to “second inning”.

A baseball match consists of nine innings. One inning consists of two games. Every team has chance to play as offensive and defensive team. The offensive team has to score as much as possible. Meanwhile, the defensive team has to restrain them to score. The pitcher (defensive) pitches the ball as fast as possible in order to make the ball cannot be hit by the batter (offensive). If the batter unfortunately has failed three times to hit the ball (strike three or strike out), he must out and must be replaced by the next batter. A team is only allowed three times of failure in an inning. Moreover, if the next second and third batters also fail to hit the ball, the inning or game is over. The position must be turned.

Ellipsis words are often found in sport. The second example of ellipsis is found the dialogue bellow.

Martinez : Most of the youngsters that we have an interest in have one or two tools, and we're hoping to develop an extra one. Your son has five. We're looking at a guy that's a potential superstar for us in New York. The time is now to get him started.

(JM32/F1/Cl-El) Datum number 36 in the dialogue above is also classified as ellipsis. The dialogue happens when Billy suddenly remembers a person who talked to him when he was young. The name is Martinez. He was a scout who found Billy‟s talent. Billy was very young when he was offered a chance to be a professional baseball player. Martinez told his parents that he was a complete baseball player. The word “five” in the dialogue above refers to five-tool guy. Five-tool guy is a term that is used to describe a player who has five abilities

and can be played in any position. The player has hitting skill, catching skill, running skill, throwing ability and fielding ability. In other words, the player can hit, catch, run, throw and can play as fielder (infielder or outfielder). In baseball, this kind of player usually has high value market.

Sometimes, some long technical terms, usually phrases are shortened by eliminating or omitting some parts of the phrase. The phrase five-tool guy cannot be translated separately. The word “guy” is modified by phrase “five -tool”. The phrase is used as the modifier of the next word. People usually use term “five” rather than “five-tool” in a conversation. The possibility of eliminating occurs to the second and third part or both of them. The modifier part is the most possible to be left. The term “fastball” in baseball refers to the technique of pitching the ball. The ball is pitched powerfully. In baseball, the term can be reduced into “fast”. The commentators often reduce the some technical terms without losing the meaning. People still can get the meaning clearly, although it has reduced.

The dialogue below also contains ellipsis.

Billy : Well. Good news is we want you at first. We want you to play first base for the Oakland A's.

Scott : Okay, well, I've only ever played catcher. Billy : Scott, you're not a catcher anymore.

(JM39/F1/Cl-El) Billy is looking for a new player. Then he decides to recruit Scott Alan. Billy wants him to play at first, even though he is a catcher. The word “first” in baseball has two meanings. The first is “first-inning” and second is “first -base”. In this case, the word “first” refers to “first -base”. The phrase “first

base” consists of determiner “first” and noun head “base”. The noun word is omitted through this process. Ideally, people want to deliver their purpose in a simple way. In order to make a simple way, they often reduce some long phrases or terms. The omission process is used to produce the economical shortened word without changing the meaning. One still can get the meaning and the purpose of somebody‟s utterance.

In some British-English countries, there is a possibility to clip somebody‟s name or something‟s name. This process, which is called hypocorism, happens by eliminating the last syllable of the name and adding –y or –iein the end the name. The datum below shows the example of hypocorism.

Man : There you go ScottyH. That‟s what I talking about. Picking machine!

(JM47/F2/Cl-El) In a training session, somebody give some spirit to Hatteberg. He supports Hatteberg to train harder and makes sure that playing as first baseman is easy. The man who shouts is one of the club staffs. To show the closeness and solidarity between them, the man use hypocorism in addressing Hatteberg‟s name. The word Scotty refers to Scott Hatteberg.

However, the letter “y” has no clear meaning if it stands alone. Hypocorism happens when a multi-syllable word is reduced to a single syllable, then “y” or “ie” is added in the end of that single syllable. The phrase “right-handed” is reduced into “right”, then “y” is added in the end to produce “righty”. This process also happens to somebody‟s name. Usually hypocorism happens in British-English countries, such as America.

c. Multiple Processes

There are 14 out of 77 items which are indicated as multiple processes. The percentage of the process is 18.18%. It is the third most prominent form of jargon in this research. It is a possibility of combining process of word formation processes. In its creation, a word can be combined with other elements, such as affixes and othe words. The processes can cause alteration in type and meaning of word. The dialogue below contains the multiple processes.

Man 3 : The guy is an athlete. Big, fast, talented.Top of my list. Pote : Clean-cut, good face. Yeah, good jaw. Five-tools guy.

Good looking ballplayer.

(JM14/F1/MP)

The bold word in the dialogue above is indicated as multiple processes. The word is formed through two processes. The first process is derivation. Separately, the word “ball” refers to a round object which is used for throwing, hitting or kicking in sport. Whereas, the word “player” refers to the person who plays or takes part in a game or sport. The root of the word “player” is “play”. The suffix–er in the end of the word changes the type of word. The word “play” is classified as verb. However, if the suffix is added, the type changes into “noun”. The suffix–er is commonly added in the end of a verb in order to make a term which is associated as its subject. However, suffix –er is not only can be added in the end of verb. It also can be added in end of noun. Batter (noun) consists of bat (noun) and suffix –er. The type of word does not change, whereas the meaning has changed. Bat is the stick that

is used to hit the ball. Then batter is the person who plays as hitter. Certainly, not all verb or noun are can be added this suffix.

The second process of creating term “ballplayer” is compounding. The word “ball” and “player” are joined without any reduction. The meaning of the new word also changes. The word “ballplayer” in this case means baseball player. However, it also can be used in all sport, such as football, basketball and softball.

The dialogue below shows another example of multiple processes. Mark : What else you think?

Billy : Outfielders. Mark : To replace Damon? Billy : Yeah.

(JM26/F1/MP)

Billy goes to Mark Shapiro, the general manager of Cleveland Indians, to talk about the possibility of player transfer. Billy says that he needs outfielders. Outfielders refer to baseball players whose position is on the outside of the diamond area (infield area). They are responsible for catching the long ball. Outfielders consist of left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. Outfielder is formed through multiple processes between compounding and derivation. Word “outfielder” basically consists of two words. They are “out” and “fielder”. The grammatical inflection item “s” in the end of the word has no significant meaning. It does not change the meaning and class of the word. The grammatical inflection deals with the quantity of participant (plural or singular) and the time (past or present). The root of the word “fielder” is “field” which is classified as noun. Furthermore, it is a non-personal word.

Field refers to an area which is used for playing sport. It is also called pitch. The suffix –eris added in order to make a new term for its person. If the word “field” refers to the pitch, the word “fielder” refers to person who is related to field.

Multiple processes not only deal between compounding and derivation. The dialogue below shows another combination in multiple processes.

Billy : Okay. Straight up. Garcia for Guthri, no kicker. Mark : No kicker?

Billy : Straight up.

(JM28/F1/MP)

The word “kicker” above has ambiguity meaning since it is used in sport. Literally, it can be a person who kicks something. However, there is nobody in baseball who has responsibility for kicking the ball. It is possible if the word “kicker” is used in American football and soccer. In baseball, especially Major League Baseball (main American baseball league), kicker means additional payroll or money. People who involve in that business usually use term “kicker”.

Kicker consists of two elements. They are the word “kick” and the suffix – er. This kind of process is identified as derivation. The word “kick” is classified as verb. If the suffix –er is added in the end of the word, the class of that word changes into noun. Kicker is literally used to refer to people who kicks something or people who has responsibility for kicking something. However, its meaning also changes. In the dialogue above, kicker has new function. The function is not to describe the person who kicks something. Word “kicker” refers to “money” or “additional payroll”. This process is

101

No Code Dialogue Functions Word Formation Processes Explanation

F1 F2 Co Br Com Bl Cl/ El

Bf Con Acr/ Abr

Der MP is tied at 11-all.

71 JM71/F1 /Der

ANNOUNCER 3:

The crowd is roaring. Koch is ready. One-two pitch. Alicea puts it in play, a looper to left field for a base hit. Around third, tearing for the plate, here comes the tying run. Sliding safe! And the ball game is tied at 11-all.

  It is derivation form.

The ord slidi g consists of the root

slide a d sufi –ing. Runner often slides to the target base (first, second, third or home base) in order to make it safe. After the distance is close enough, the runner usually slides and touches the base rather than only steps it by leg.

72 JM72/F1 /MP

ANNOUNCER 3:

In your typical A's fashion. They want a base runner here. Scott Hatteberg is so adept at drawing walks. He's looking for Hatteberg to get on base, maybe bring in a pinch runner.



 The phrase Base ru er is reated though two

processes, derivation and compounding. The ord ase is combined with a derivation form

ru er . The ord runner has root

ru . Base runner is runner who occupies first, second or third

102

No Code Dialogue Functions Word Formation Processes Explanation

F1 F2 Co Br Com Bl Cl/ El

Bf Con Acr/ Abr

Der MP

base. If the bases loaded, they have to run to the next base. 73 JM73/F1

/MP

ANNOUNCER 3:

In your typical A's fashion. They want a base runner here. Scott Hatteberg is so adept at drawing walks. He's looking for Hatteberg to get on base, maybe bring in a pinch runner.

  The term is created

through two process, derivation and compounding. The

ord pi h is combined with derivation form

ru er . Pinch runner is a

substituted runner. Usually a pinch runner is brought during a critical situation to replace a slower runner with a faster runner. A pinch runner cannot hit. He is only allowed to be a runner. After the hitter moves to first base (automatically the hitter is called runner), he is replaced by pinch runner.

74 JM74/F1 /Com

ANNOUNCER 3: The crowd comes back

  The term is created

103

No Code Dialogue Functions Word Formation Processes Explanation

F1 F2 Co Br Com Bl Cl/ El

Bf Con Acr/ Abr

Der MP to insane life. How do you

explain it? Crazy. Just plain crazy. Hatteberg is mobbed at home-plate. In 103 years of American League baseball, the Athletics have accomplished what no one has before. They have won 20 games!

compounding. The term consists of word

ho e a d plate . They have their own meanings. If they are combined, the meaning also change. Home plate is a plate which is located in home base. 75 JM75/F1

/Acr-abr

ANNOUNCER2:

Forgive the A's if they're not celebrating. They have been here before, when Oakland went up two games to none on the Yanks in the ALDS, and went nowhere after losing three straight. With a win today over the Twins, Oakland moves into the ALCS for the first time since 1992.

  It’s an abbreviation

from American League Division Series (ALDS). The winners of the American League Division Series compete in the ALCS since 1995.

76 JM76/F1 /Acr-abr

ANNOUNCER 2:

Forgive the A's if they're not celebrating. They have been here before, when Oakland went up two games to none on the Yanks in the ALDS, and went nowhere after losing three straight. With a win today over the Twins, Oakland moves

  _{It’s a re iatio fro}

American League Championship Series.

104

No Code Dialogue Functions Word Formation Processes Explanation

F1 F2 Co Br Com Bl Cl/ El

Bf Con Acr/ Abr

Der MP into the ALCS for the first time

since 1992. 77 JM77/F1

/Com

Peter:

The Visalia Oaks and our 240-pound catcher, Jeremy Brown, who, as you know, is scared to run to second base. This was in a game six weeks ago. This guy's gonna start with a fastball

 Fastball is a

compound word. It o sists of ord fast and all .

Separately, their meanings are totally different with the compound word. After combined through the compounding

process, the meaning also changes.