b. Grammatical Deviation
Grammatical deviation can be drawn between morphology, the grammar of the word, and syntax, the grammar of how words pattern within sentences
Leech, 1969: 44. There are two types of grammatical deviation; they are morphological and syntactic deviations. Morphological deviation is an intentional
deviation from the ordinary spelling, formation, construction, or application of words. Meanwhile, syntactic deviation might be in the form of bad or incorrect
grammar and syntactic rearrangement. Leech further exemplifies the case of ungrammaticality as an important feature of grammatical deviation like in the
expression ‘I
does
not like him’. Grammatical deviation is also expressed by a poet or a writer when using
the double negation, the double comparative, and the double superlative. Writers or poets also deviate from grammatical rules by making a comparative or
superlative more emphatic by combining two ways of expressing comparison, i.e. the addition of suffixes and the use of the separate words
more
and
most
. Shakespeare, for example, combines
unkindest
and
most unkind
in the statement ‘This was the
most unkindest
cut of all’ Brook via Ouameur, 2013: 10.
c. Phonological Deviation
Leech 1969: 47 considers phonological deviations as the irregularities of pronunciation. As most of literature is in written form, there would be a relatively
little scope for phonological deviation. Thus, it is limited since the patterns of phonology are even more on the surface than those of syntactic surface Leech,
1969: 46.
Leech further claims that phonological deviation is the deviation in sound or pronunciation which is done deliberately in regard to preserving the rhyme, as
when the noun
wind
is pronounced like the verb
wind
as a special pronunciation to make the convenience of rhyming.
d. Graphological Deviation
According to Leech 1969: 47, graphological deviation is the strangeness of written form. Graphological deviation is a relatively minor and superficial part
of style, concerning such matters like spelling, capitalization, punctuation, spacing, hyphenation, italicizing, and paragraphing such as in the characteristic
line-by- line arrangement of poetry with irregular right-hand margins. E. E. Cummings is a well-known poet who frequently uses this type of deviation by
discarding capital letters and punctuation, jumbling of words, eccentric use of parentheses, as in the following example which Leech 1969: 48 mentions.
seeker of truth follow no path
all paths lead where truth is here
[No. 3 of
73 Poems
]
e. Dialectal Deviation
Leech 1969: 49 uses the concept dialectism for dialectal deviation as it refers to the borrowing of features of socially or regionally defined dialects. It
occurs when the writer uses words or structures from a dialect which is different from that of standard language like in
The Shepheardes Calender
, Spenser uses
heydeguyes
a type of dance,
rontes
young bullocks,
weanell
newly weaned kid or lamb, and
wimble
nimble.
f. Deviation of Register
Registers have their own particular functions of language in each field they belong to. Since modern writers have freedom from the constraints of poetic
language, they exploit registers with unprecedented audacity. In order to convey their messages in their works, they frequently borrow register that is originated
from another field in which both the origin and the target fields are not related to each other. In prose writing, register borrowing is usually accompanied by register
mixing, i.e., the meeting of features that belong to different registers in the same texts Leech, 1969: 50.
g. Deviation of Historical Period
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