5. The researcher selected and classified the valid and relevant data based on the
categorizations. 6.
The researcher transferred the data into the data sheet.
D. Research Instruments
The research instrument was human instrument including the theoretical knowledge. As it is stated by Burns 1994: 295, the role of researcher in the
qualitative research is as an instrument. The researcher is involved in all of the processes of the research observation, analyzing and interpreting of the data. This
is in line with what Moleong 2010: 211 states; the key instrument in qualitative research is the researcher. The researcher takes a role as the designer or planner,
data collector, data analyst, data interpreter and reporter of the research findings Moleong, 2010: 212. Furthermore, Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 211 argue
that the researcher is the interpreter of the selected text or texts. The researcher’s interpretation is only one of many possible valid interpretations of a given text as
there are an infinite number of possible interpretations of any given text and each interpretation is equally valid to the extent that it reflects the meanings attributed
to the text by the interpreter. Therefore, the researcher’s own interpretation is salient. Thus, in this research, the primary instrument was the researcher.
The secondary instrument of this research was the data sheet. A data sheet was used to classify the data which eased the researcher to analyze the data from
the novel. Coding was also used in the data sheet to ease the researcher and the readers to find the data. It is a process of organizing data and obtaining data
reduction Wiersma, 1995: 217. For example,
Mec00110
is a code for the datum
of metaphor which is realized in the form of visible metaphor and found in page 001 and line 10. The data sheet is in the form of a table of types and realizations
of transference of meaning, and reflected themes of
Liar and Spy
novel.
Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Types and Realizations of Transference of Meaning, and Reflec
ted Themes in Rebecca Stead’s
Liar and Spy
No Code
Data Sy
Me Mt
Si Theme
Explanation a b c d e f g h i
1 Mec
00110 Mr. Landau,
seventh-grade science teacher, has
unrolled a beaten-up poster of the
ignorant tongue map, and hes
explaining about how people have
misunderstood the science of taste since
the beginning of time.
√ School
life
The ignorant tongue map is a
humanizing metaphor example
since ignorant trait is possessed by human
and it is realized in visible metaphor as
both the target and source are clearly
realized. It illustrates the theme of school
life as it describes the condition at
Georges’ school and how he thinks about
his science class. He compares the tongue
map with ignorant trait as he believes
that people have misunderstood the
science of taste.
Notes : Code : TypeRealizationPageLine
Types of Transference of Meaning Sy
: Synecdoche Me
: Metaphor Mt
: Metonymy Si
: Simile Realizations
a : Part representing the whole
b : The whole representing its part
c : Visible metaphor
d : Invisible metaphor
e : Associated concepts
f : Producer and the produced
g : Institution and its location
h : Product and its brand
i : Comparative words
E. Data Analysis Techniques
