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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Study
This study used descriptive qualitative approach since it emphasized on defining the phenomena of the use of language in the context by interpreting the
data. Qualitative approach is a research procedure which presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral data from the subjects of research being
observed Bogdan and Biklen, 1982: 39-48. Moreover, according to Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 7-8, qualitative research provides a richer and more in-depth
understanding of the population under study as it produces narrative or textual elucidations of the phenomena under study. Furthermore, this research was a
descriptive study since it described the phenomena of the use of language deviation in a novel in words. Seliger and Shohamy 1989: 124 propose that
descriptive research involves an assemblage of techniques used to specify, delineate, or illustrate naturally occurring phenomena without experimental
manipulation. Thus, this approach provided a richer and more in-depth understanding in explicating the phenomena of the use of language particularly
transference of meaning reflected in Rebecca Stead’s
Liar and Spy
. B.
The Form, Context, and Source of Data
The form of the data is the utterances of all characters in
Liar and Spy
novel, and also words, phrases or sentences of the narration in the novel which contain transference of meaning. Moreover, the narration is delivered by the main
character, Georges, as the narrator of the story. The context is the dialogues of
the characters or paragraphs of the narration in the novel. Meanwhile, the data source is a place where data are taken. The data source in this research was the
first Yearling edition of Rebecca Stead ’s
Liar and Spy
published in 2013.
C. The Data Collection Technique
Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 189 claim that in qualitative studies, there are several types of data collection technique, such as interviewing face-to-
face question-and-answer process, ethnographic observation observing people enacting culture, analysis of documents and material culture written text or
cultural artifacts, and visual analysis e.g. interpretation of mediated communication texts such as films or television programs. As the source of data
in this study was a written literary text in the form of novel, the data collection technique used was analysis of documents by note taking. The researcher
collected the data of transference of meaning from
Liar and Spy
novel in the narration and utterances of the characters. The procedures of data collection are
listed as in the following. 1.
The researcher read the novel comprehensively to find out the valid and relevant data based on the perception, knowledge, theories, and frame of
transference of meaning. 2.
The researcher wrote down the data in the form of transference of meaning. 3.
The researcher analyzed all the characters’ utterances and all narrations of the novel to understand the context to support the researcher’s analysis.
4. The researcher used the experts’ theories of transference of meaning as stated
in literature review to see whether the data were appropriate or not.
5. The researcher selected and classified the valid and relevant data based on the
categorizations. 6.
The researcher transferred the data into the data sheet.
D. Research Instruments
Kategori